Evening Star editorial page, May 14, 1936 (Ohio primary)

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON. D. O. THURSDAY.May 14, 1936 THEODORE W. NOYES.Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company. Business Office: 11th St and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Office: 110 East 42ndi St. Chicago Office: Lake Michigan Building. European Office: 14 Regent St.. London. England Rate by Carrier Within the City. Regular Edition. The Evening Star _--45c per month The Evening and Sunday Star _ _.. (whei 4 Sundays)_---60c per month The Evening and Sunday Star (when 6 Sundays)------65c per month The Sunday Star___6c per copy Night Final Edition. Night Final and Sunday Star_70c per month Night Final Star-65c per month Collection made at the end ol each month. Orders may be aent by mail or telephone Na tional 6000. Rate by Mail--Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. ally and Sundar._l rr. *10.00; 1 mo.. 85e Uy only_1 yr.. *6.00; 1 m°. $0e Sunday only_1 yr- *4.00: 1 mo.. 40o All Other States and Canada. DaHy and Sunday„l yr_ *12.00; 1 mo.. *1.00 Dally only_1 yr.. *8.00; 1 mo.. 76c Sunday only_1 yr- $5 00; 1 mo.. 50o Member of tbe Associated Press. The Associated Press Is exclusively entitled to the use for republlcation of all news dispatches credited to It or not otherwise credited In this paper and also the local news published herein. All rights of nubllcatlon of special dispatches herein are also reserved.__ Facts still Helpful. George N. Peek launches a series of "Now It Can Be Told" articles in this week's Saturday Evening Post, in which he tells of his sad adventure with the A. A. A., and, later, with the Export Import Bank. There are many things which arouse his indignation, chief among which seems to be the fact that: The major policies of agriculture and foreign trade are in charge of men who have never earned their livings in in dustry, commerce, finance or farming and who have little comprehension as to how such livings are earned. Presenting facts to them is a sheer waste of time. They are long on theories but short on simple arithmetic. They are full of very big thoughts. These thoughts are so big that the United States is not a large enough field for them to operate in. His account and appraisal of some of these "very big thoughts" are entertain ing and instructive. And his description of Jerome Frank as a "good lawyer" but "more concerned with social theory than the law"' doubtless applies to others who Bit at the foot of the White House throne, dreaming dreams later inter preted as legislation. me laiesi uieory m uic suvuti luwui lng economists is the heavy penalty tax on undistributed profits. Where did the theory originate? David Lawrence is pretty certain it represents one of the pet ideas of Dr. Tugwell in his pursuit of the more abundant life. Dr. B. M. Anderson, jr., economist of the Chase National Bank, traces the doctrine of "oversaving," or "overinvestment," back through the writing of the Socialists Sis mondi, Rodbertus and Karl Marx. Cer tainly the tax on undistributed profits was designed as social reform, rather than to raise revenue, the idea of re form, in turn, being based on the theory that the greatest depression in history followed the greatest surpluses in his tory. Dr. Anderson says the theory Is not accurate--that the greatest sur pluses were not amassed in the years preceding the depression. Last year's best bet in reform tax leg islation was the proposal to distribute the wealth by destroying it through In heritance taxes. That large idea sailed through the House with the same facility experienced by the heavy tax on undis tributed profits until it struck the snag of testimony before the Senate Finance Committee. Mr. Peek makes sarcastic references to the swarm of Phi Beta Kappa key dangling young lawyers and professors who descended on Washington at the outset of this administration. Many of them are still here. But if Mr. Peek Is correct In his estimate of the futility of presenting them with facts, the turn of events with regard to the tax bill, last year and this year, indicates that the Senate still attaches considerable value of facts. Even though there are doubtless many Senators still wedded to the principle--as a principle--of the tax on undistributed earnings, mo6t of the members of the finance committee seem to have changed their minds re garding application of the principle by the House bill method. They changed their minds after a barrage of practical criticism in the form of facts. It is fortunate that a cnief of police can always find so many nice boys to play with to relieve the harsh experi ence of contact with crooks and gun men. Well-bred boys can always be relied on not to turn on a policeman and tell him to ''stick 'em up!" --1-- Protecting an Investment. Many Washingtonians, as individuals and as representatives of citizens' organ izations, have joined together in efforts to save the District Alley Dwelling Au thority from the sudden death threat ened by failure to reappropriate its un expended funds in the pending deficiency bill. The cause deserves every possible support. Hope of remedy now lies with the Senate and later with the conferees on the deficiency bill. After more than a quarter of a cen tury of futile effort to deal effectively with the alley problem in Washington, creation of the Alley Dwelling Authority and its resultant progress promised that a carefully thought out program would eventually materialize not only in the elimination of the alley sore spots but in higher standards of housing for their former occupants; that these blighted areas would be turned to other, produc tive uses, and that the total expenditures by the Government in this wdfthy under taking would be repaid with interest. What is threatened now is not merely the temporary paralysis in alley-elimina tion work represented by failure to ap propriate additional funds for the Alley Dwelling Authority, but the passing out of existence of the authority itself and the loss of the money so far spent. Encouraging is the fact that there is oo apparent hostility on the part of the legislators, In House or In Senate; no attempt to penalise the District or tha Alley Dwelling Authority. The present situation results, apparently, from a new and hitherto unanticipated interpreta tion of the statute, completely at vari ance with the intent of those who framed It, together with an understandable desire to effect economies wherever possible. What the Senators should understand is that denial of the Alley Dwelling Au thority funds, by failure to reappropriate unexpended balances and failure to ap propriate additional funds, does not repre sent economy. It represents the destruc tion of an investment. It does not save money. It actually throws money away. The original investment in the Alley Dwelling Authority must be protected, first, by reappropriating unexpended bal ances; second, by appropriating the ad ditional funds necessary to carry on and make effective work already begun. The Crumbling League. With one of his characteristically dra matic strokes, Mussolini has ordered his delegation to quit the League Council and return to Rome. While that does not of Itself denote Italy's secession from the international body with which she has been in violent conflict, the im pression prevails, both at the League and in the Fascist capital, that II Duce has turned his back on Geneva once for all. Thus Italy is by way of following the defiant examples set by Japan and Ger many. The result is seriously to aug ment the crumbling process to which the League is progressively succumbing in consequence of its demonstrated futil ity in the field of collective action. Whether the institution will jurvive this latest threat to its existence is open to grave doubt. Coincident with the defection of another leading power, the organization rocks with rebellious resent ment upon the part of smaller states which are now disillusioned respecting its capacity to protect its members from aggression. In their extremities to pre vent the League from disintegration and strengthen its usefulness, certain powers are talking of "reforming" the covenant. But in light of Italy's triumphant trucu lence, it is only die-hard optimists who think the organization can be preserved on lines promising more genuine effec tiveness than it has revealed in the past. For the time being the League will show its battered teeth by maintaining sanctions. To permit a review of con ditions created by conquest of Ethiopia, the Council has postponed further con sideration of the situation until June 15. If It then determines to prolong punitive measures, many indications suggest that such action will precipitate definite Ital ian withdrawal. Mussolini may not con fine himself to a boycott of the League. There arc ominous hints tht^t he will resort to "reprisals" in the form of a long-mooted alliance with Hitler, whereby n.ni.tv«Antf a AAAivmlicV) wMth Austria, and a new alignment of Euro pean powers, headed by the Rome and Berlin dictators, would come into being with far-reaching consequences not only throughout the continent, but possibly in the African colonial sphere, where Nazi ambitions have been whetted by Italy's acquisition of Ethiopia. The breathing spell ordained at Geneva will be utilized by all concerned for the purpose of weighing carefully the next steps to be taken. There is far more at stake than preservation of the League. The peace of Europe will depend on de cisions that must be made. Great Brit ain's attitude, which will largely influence the course of events, may be revealed in Parliament this week. The Baldwin government's supporters are sorely split on the advisability of continuing sanc tions. Fears are rife that such a pro gram might goad Italy into a war of which the British would have to bear the brunt. French policy will not be deter mined until the new Socialist govern ment takes office on June 1. As things are shaping, Europe has to deal with an accomplished fact unalter able except by force. From such a re course all powers, large and small, shrink. They may conclude there is no alterna tive but reluctantly and shamefacedly to recognize the fruits of Fascist lawless ness and renew the quest for some form of collective effort to prevent aggression. The Government's rent bills are high. All executives are naturally anxious to impress visitors from the home town by the display of a suite of offices. There is no social security legislation that will protect the social climber from risk of a tumble now and then. Bus Ventilation. Recently the Public Utilities Commis sion ordered the correction of the "treadle door" operation on the busses used on the Capital Transit lines to ensure the safety of passengers. It was noted that this matter had been neglected by the operating company until complaints and narrow escapes from serious injuries filed with the com mission brought results. The Star then commented upon the fact that this con dition had been ignored by the company whereas it should have been immediately observed by it and corrected without lo6s of time and without official intervention. Now comes the matter of ventilation of the busses. Complaints filed with the company brought no effect until again the Public Utilities Commission acted and now orders are given for the in stallation of forced draft ventilation on all District and suburban busses on or before October 31, when cold weather will cause the closing of windows. Mean while the commission will maintain a close check during the Summer to protect passengers as much as possible from discomfort caused by exhaust fumes. This is another instance of the failure of the operating companies to provide suitable and effective equipment upon their own initiative without waiting for the Public Utilities Commission to Inter vene. The same was true in the matter of bus crowding, the vehicles being packed beyond the limit of safety and comfort until a rule was adopted in limitation at loads, and as yet that rule does not appear to be discernibly effective. Maybe ttaa day is owning ^Jben a 1 utility corporation that has been granted the privilege of using the streets for the conveyance of passengers will itself attend to these matters, will make the safety, the convenience and the comfort of Its patrons objectives of its own con cern and care. But unfortunately these public services are still run on the prin ciple that the profits, If any, come from the strap-hangers. If so, there Is some thing radically wrong with the financial set-up which lays upon the riding public such a heavy burden of maintenance that the decencies of transportation are Ignored until supervisory authority Intervenes. "Coadjutor President." The public In recent years has heard of "acting" and "assistant" Presidents, but the phrase "coadjutor President" Is hew. It has appeared in the current debate about P. W. A. versus W. P. A., and has certain merit as a dramatization of one of the principal objections to the allotment of $1,425,000,000 to Harry Hopkins for "miscellaneous projects." Pew may be supposed to have read the actual language of the deficiency bill. Like other omnibus measures, it is a hodge-podge of unrelated items run ning to a hundred pages of printed type and including provision for approxi mately a score of branches of the Gov ernment. That portion which concerns Mr. Hopkins' request for funds, how ever, is briefer than might be expected. It may be perused in two minutes. Designed, according to the preamble, "to continue to provide relief and work relief on useful projects by the Works Progress Administration," it gives Mr. Hopkins $413,250,000 for highways, roads and streets, $156,750,000 for public build ings, $156,750,000 for parks and other recreational facilities, $171,000,000 for public utilities, $128,250,000 for flood control and other conservation, $85,500, 000 for white-collar projects, $85,500,000 for women's projects, $71,250,000 for National Youth Administration, $71,250, 000 for miscellaneous work projects and $85,500,000 for rehabilitation and relief to farmers--altogether a very consider able amount of money to be committed into the personal management of any individual. The President, it is worthy of notice, has no responsibility save that of re quiring "to be paid such rates of pay as will accomplish the purposes of such appropriation." With that specific exception, "the works progress adminis trator is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be neces sary." He will proceed under no man agement save that of his. own conscience until the funds have been disbursed and then will report to Congress what he has done. Not even In wartime has any other official ever been accorded such power as Mr. Hopkins will have if the bill Is passed in its original form. Hence the epithet "coadjutor President"--an un kind but not inaccurate appellation. Mussolini claims ownership of Ethio pia. Other interests are involved and the extent of his domination may depend to some degree on what he hears from a sort of African civic federation. Children have grown so wise and wary that bandits have been kidnaping mostly grown people. Selassie feels that his is a sad story, when many historians suspect that he has only figured in a prologue.

Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Simulation. This world's a stage, wise men declare, Likewise a fleeting show. Your entrances and exits there Are what you have to know. Just who is out and who is in Is an important fact. Our troubles frequently begin When father tries to act.

Sometimes he seems to be severe And heartless as a joss. Or else a tyrant he'd appear With language loud and cross. We know that he is good and kind, The artistry he lacked To smiles has left us oft inclined. When father tries to act. Variegated Talents. "Are you going to speak often during the campaign." "I can't say." answered Senator Sor ghum. "So many unpracticed talkers are being heard that it seems like ama teur night to me, with no telling who is going to get the gong." Jud Tunldns says that when he wants to attract general attention he marks a letter "confidential" so that all snoopers will want a peek at it. Parting Company. A man whose hair was white as snow Was telling boys the way to go. His early life was not so good, He skinned his neighbors when he could. Said he, "Be honest, true and kind, And so a great reward you'll find. That way for heaven you will prepare-- You probably won't find me there." New Deals. "Are you in favor of a new deal?" "Certainly," said Miss Cayenne. "In aome families life without the divorce courts would be Impossible." Experience. Experience has value great, There's many a bargain day. With care 'tls well to contemplate The price that we must pay. Experience we understqpd, In any race or dime, May coat a billion dollars and Be scarcely worth a dime. "What you don't know don't hurt you," ■aid Unde Eben, "except when you tries to act on knowledge dat yon han't yet THE POLITICAL MILL

By G. Gould Lincoln. TOPEKA. May 14.--Landon inarches on. The Ohio, West Virginia and Ver mont selections of delegates to the Re publican National Convention Tuesday are favorable to the Kansas Governor for the presidential nomination. The Ohio delegates, elected on the Taft "favorite son" slate, 47 out of 52, are ready to vote for Landon, with few exceptions, after they have recorded a first vote for the son of the late President and Chief Justice. Half a dozen of them may be found voting for Col. Knox, Chicago publisher, but the rest are decidedly in clining to Landon. In West Virginia the bulk of the delegates elected are for Landon. The Republican State Conven tion in Vermont, without Instructing delegates for the Kansan, gave him hope for that State's delegation. Unless the Landon leaders are seri ously fooling themselves, the Kansas Governor will have nearly 400 delegates on the first ballot. It is likely he will have more than 400, from all appear ances. It takes only 501 delegates to nominate, with the entire delegate strength of the convention voting. Many of the delegates now counted for Lan don are "uninstructed," but known to be at present favorable to the Governor. It is possible, of course, that something might happen during the next three or four weeks to cause the Landon band wagon to falter--but it is not probable. The Ohio primary gave Senator Borah of Idaho only five delegates. In this it ran rather true to expected form. The State-wide contest for delegates at large was a disappointment to the Senator, for Daniel E. Morgan, who was the high est man on the Borah delegate-at-large slate, was far behind the lowest man on the Taft slate. Borah faced great odds in the Ohio primary, with the Republican State organization lined up solidly against him, and the supporters of Knox, Landon. Vandenberg and other aspir ants for the presidential nomination backing the State organization slate. His failure to make a better showing in Ohio lessens materially the Idaho Senator's chances for the nomination. With the lessenine of Borah's chances the opportunity for the "field" to tie up the Republican National Convention in a deadlock would thus prevent Landon from getting a majority of the delegates, and the nomination seems almost at the vanishing point. Knox will have a bloc of delegates, as well as Borah, and Michigan will turn in for Vandenberg and Iowa probably for Dickinson. There have been reports that some of the older Republican leaders, like Hilles of New York, Williams of Oregon, Roraback of Connecticut, and some of the Pennsyl vanians, might band together in an effort to put across Senator Steiwer of Oregon, the keynote speaker and temporary chairman of the convention. If they are planning such a move they will have to move fast. The Landon swing is gaining momentum as the days go by. The Democratic protest vote against President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Ohio primary promises to reach 30,000 or more. Roosevelt carried the presi dential preference primary there against Col. Henry Breckinridge by about 14 to 1. This is a far better showing than the President made in Maryland, where he beat Breckinridge by only 5l2 to 1, but not so good as his record in the Penn sylvania primary, where he won by about 20 to 1. These Democratic protest votes indicate a distinct cleavage in the party. In Ohio, Breckinridge made only a few brief radio addresses in the last w'eek of the primary campaign. He had no organization whatever, and yet some 30,000 Democrats went into the voting booths and marked their ballots for him. The next and final clash in the pri maries between the President and Breck inridge will come in New Jersey next Tuesday. Of course, the President snowed under Breckinridge in the Ohio primary. It is no news that he did. It was unthinkable that Breckinridge could run anywhere near the President. As in Pennsylvania and Maryland, however, the Breckinridge vote in the Buckeye State showed that many Democrats are breaking away from the Roosevelt lead ership, and many of these disgruntled Democrats will not support him in November. The veteran Senator Neely did the expected in West Virginia and won re nomination, despite the efforts of Rush D. Holt, the junior Senator, to unhorse him in the primary. Neely ran far ahead of Ralph M. Hiner, former Speaker of the House of Delegates, his opponent for the Democratic senatorial nomina tion. Holt two years ago was elected to the Senate with the support of Neely. The two Democratic Senators fell out over patronage matters in the State, and Holt has recently made bitter charges about the handling of Federal relief and the W. P. A. in West Virginia. The pri mary fight has left many scars. Whether the Democrats can patch up their differ ences and put Neely across in the No vember election remains to be seen. Probably a good deal will depend upon how strongly President Roosevelt, at the head of the ticket, will run in the Fall. Senator Borah won the presidential preference vote in the West Virginia primary. He was the only Republican entered. But most of the elected dele gates to the national convention an nounced they would not be bound by the results of the preference primary, and many of them said they would support Landon. So the West Virginia primary was a blow also to the Borah candidacy. The lure of the A. A. A. check is strong among the farmers of Kansas. That is the burden of the testimony given here by those who have knowledge of the farmers' sentiments. Not only did the A. A. A. hand over to the farmers Gov ernment checks for not growing wheat and corn and hogs, but it actually saved many of them from utter ruin during the last two years. For Kansas was hard hit by drought. The farmers could not have grown crops on their acres which they took out of production if they tried. When the Supreme Court of the United States knocked down the A. A. A. there was a feeling of resentment among many of the farmers. The new soil erosion act, substituted by the Roosevelt admin istration for the A. A. A. and designed also to give Government checks to the farmed*, has given them, new hope, al though they are not quite clear yet just nuw ib win u^ciatc. Because of the fondness of the farm ers for these Government checks it is claimed that a majority of them are ttill faithful to Roosevelt; that, despite the fact Kansas has been generally overwhelmingly Republican, Roosevelt can carry the State next November against any Republican nominee except Gov. Landon. Land on, it Is predicted, will take Roosevelt's measure if he is the Republican candidate. However, the po litical prophets say that the situation, so far as the fanner vote is concerned, may change In Kansas after the Republicans have written their party platform and nominated their candidate. If the Re publicans give the fanner a "good break" in their party platform, the farmers, who are in the majority when it comes to voting in this State, may return to the O. O. P. in large numbers. money spread among THIS AND THAT B7 CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Bird notes for today: The wood thrush, aristocrat of our gardens, sings best on the ground. While hopping around in his usual calm fashion on the lawn, he omits from his song the variety of whirrs and duckings which he finds necessary while In the trees. These extra sounds In the lovely music of this finest of songsters scarcely add anything to the song, at least from the standpoint of the human ear. Perhaps they are all necessary from the viewpoint of the thrushes, but the listener will wish at times they were left out completely. The happy thing Is that they are omitted, while the bird is on the ground, searching for food. Then his song Is clear, pure music, slightly less loud than when uttered aloft. It may be that being among the branches of trees makes these birds feel more "pepfiy" and more in their element. It may be that when on the earth they are more pre-occupled with thoughts of food, and simply give the strains of their beautiful song as "music with meals."

If you want to hear the thrush song at its best, therefore, watch for the birds hopping around on the grass, beneath shrubs, especially rhododendrons, which they love. Then you will hear the real thrush music, which is about the bird world s best. Then, too, you can view easily the fine pink legs, which harmonize with the deep brown and soft grays of the feathers, and with the dark spots on the breast. Many think this is the most beautiful of all birds in appearance as well as in song. Surely there is some thing exquisite in the harmony of its colors and their blending, and the brightness of the eyes. The pink legs add just a little brightness to a bird almost as beautifully sedate in colora tion as Jenny Wren. This harmony is really appropriate ness. The wood thrush, or brown thrush, as it is known to some, blends with the earth, the greens of grasses and shrubs. It seems to belong, in a peculiarly good way. Bright is the car dinal, in bold red; sporty the bluejay, in blues and grays, but the wood thrush is really more beautiful than them all. Just as its song is. Every time the thrush gives part of its song, as it hops around on the ground, it turns its head sideways, and looks at you with its extremely bright eye. This is done calmly, without fear, though the bird may be only a few feet away. How the wood thrush, whose name shows its original habitat, came to be so unconcerned near human habi tation is a mystery. Its cousin, the her mit thrush, is as much a hermit as ever. In the early days of the United States the wood thrush lived up to its name in every respect, but during the past 50 years it has become the bird of gardens, in which it is as much at home as the owner. The wood thrush will hop along for ten feet or more, before uttering a part of its song. Then it will proceed leisurely for another few feet, when it will turn its head slightly, cock an appreciative eye. and sing again. Thus in a few turns around the garden it will run through its entire repertoire. This consists of four sections, or triolets, which may be turned into written music better than most bird songs. When aloft, sitting on a branch, giving its evening concert, the thrush makes various winding up" sounds, suggestive of an old-fashioned music box. These sounds somewhat resemble the discords which musicians sometimes put In their measures, so that harmony which arises out of them may seem all the more harmonious. The human musician who attempts to Improve on the wood thrush's song will have a job on his hands. It is easily put into three-four, or waltz time, but there the thing ends. Any attempt to build It up as written music must be built up results in something sophomoric, in com parison .vith the original. Thus Nature shows one that her efforts are not to be tampered with, except at probable loss.

The house wren must be both heard and seen for the true appreciation of its song. By itself, the wren song, even In the moments of courtship, is nothing much. To some listeners it is a cross between an unmusical whistle and the whinny of a horse. When the listener becomes observer, too, he sees the little fellow, a neat symphony of browns, fairly using his entire being in the song. Then, and then only, the song of the wren becomes something worth listen ing to, as the bird makes music from tip of claws to end of long beak, from his tilted pert tail to the very top of his round little head.

Last Sunday morning was brightened by a brief visit from the indigo bunting, a lovely and shy visitor to suburban gardens at this time. One will have to look sharp, however, if the bunting is seen at all. for it seldom lingers. It may be seen in grassy places where there is likelihood of many seeds. It eats sedately, remaining in one spot, and often not bothering to turn around. Look for this one, therefore, on the ground, a bit of blue there, slightly re sembling the paper used around absorb ent cotton in the box. It is an unusual blue, which again might be said to re semble slightly the reverse side of a sheet of purple carbon paper. It is entirely different from the blue of the bluebird or the blues of the bluejay. If you see this unusual blue on the ground--w'hich some namer long ago tried to designate by the word indigo-- feel pretty sure It is this bunting. He Is just a little larger than an English sparrow, but his color will make him seem larger. In attempting to talk about bird colors all observers must make allow ance for their own eyes. It is here, as with happenings--one observer will see it one way, the next another way, and seldom the twain shall meet. It is well, therefore, not to be too positive about colors as observed. The blue grosbeak, for instance, some what resembles the indigo bunting, but its wings have chestnut in them, instead of a soft wash of brown, as it is de scribed in the books. If two observers see the latter, one may see it "brown," the other "chestnut," without any real difference. Hence those not familiar with either, and with only colored illustrations to go by, will find it essential to read about the habits of the two, and note partic ularly that the bunting prefers to feed on the ground, amid grasses and the like. If their bird fulfills this require ment, it may be put down safely as the indigo bunting, whatever dispute there may be about its coloration. Colors, while important, are far from the only marks of identification. In bird observa tion discriminatory watching is essential. STARS, MEN AND ATOMS Notebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Study. BY THOMAS R. HENRY.

When one meets an old friend after i a lapse of years there is often a vague unfamiliarity about the features. There has been a change of some sort, even aside from the expected effects of growing older. It is difficult, however, to tell just where the difference lies. The answer is provided by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropol ogy of the Smithsonian Institution, from measurements of thousands of men and women--white, Indian. Eskimo and Negro. As one grows older, Dr. Hrdlicka says, the ears get larger, the nose gets longer and broader, and the mouth gets wider. The changes themselves are slight, but the total effect may be note worthy. They may be sufficient to throw the whole remembered pattern out of its former balance. Among the white "Old Americans," says Dr. Hrdlicka. "both the nasal breadth and length increase during adult life with age. but the increase in breadth somewhat exceeds that in length. With the ears conditions are reversed--they ii*crease more in their length. The Indians measured show similar conditions, and at least as pro nounced. The length of the nose and the breadth of the ears increase with age but slightly; the nasal breadth, however, and the ear length increase decidedly." This, he says, tends to increase me nasal index--the ratio between the nose dimensions which is a common anthro pological measure--very markedly with age, so that the differences between the oldest and the youngest approach those of distinct racial groups. With the ears the index decreases with age. Aside from the factor of age, Dr. Hrdlicka points out, the nasal index in general is the product of diverse in fluences, some of which often are not taken into account. Chief among these, on the one hand, is heredity, and on the other, modification of the height of the face, which in turn is favored by ex cessive mastication. Beyond these causes lie heat, cold and moisture. These un doubtedly affect the size of the nasal openings so that in cold regions the nose tends toward narrowness and in hot climates toward greater breadth. The effects of age on the mouth. Dr. Hrdlicka points out, are even more marked than those on the nose. "This phenomenon is observed." he says, "in both whites and Indians and in both sexes. It is of a progressive nature from early life onward. There is a continued slight excess in the widen ing of the mouth through the factor of age over that of stature. It is the chief modifier of dimension." In actual measurements. Dr. Hrdlicka points oat, women have smaller mouths than men. But when the female mouth size is considered in relation to the body height its ratio is larger than that for the men. The absolute width of the by the Roosevelt administration has proved an effective political bait in Kan sas, as it has in other agricultural States of the Middle West. The farmers have come to look forward and to count upon these checks. Many of them who used to be Republicans are saying nothing about how they will vote next Fall when they an approached by Republican mouth in all races, he says, aside from age. grows larger with stature, but the relative values of the two measurements grow steadily less as stature advances. Generally speaking. Dr. Hrdlicka's measurements confirm the fact that the breadth of the nose increases from north to south, or rather from cold climate to hot climate. Thus, among the South western and Mexican Indians the tribes living in the hottest regions hate the broadest noses, while those living in the mountains have the narrowest. The ef fect of climate on nose dimensions is connected, according to all indications, with different demands of the function of respiration. This, says Dr. Hrdlicka. in all prob ability is the main factor which original ly produced the various racial types of noses. Once these were fixed through heredity, they tended to be reproduced generation after generation^ although the original habitat of the race may have changed. Dr. Hrdlicka urges that more attention be given to nose and mouth by compe tent anthropologists. The significance of these two features is illustrated by the fact that a cartoonist often can make a recognizable representation of an in dividual by drawing the nose and mouth alone.

The sun shines hottest on high moun tain tops where explorers shiver with the cold. Observations of solar radiation from the summit of Mount Aunconquilcha. Chile, nearly four miles above sea level and where the intensity is nearly one sixth again as great, have just been re ported to the Smithsonian Institution. Delicate radiation-measuring devices were carried to this crest at nearly 20.000 feet in the highest Andes, by C. P. Butler of the Smithsonian staff. The Instrument used in the measure ments was set up on a cake of ice. Al though the result was to be expected. It seemed a little incongruous to be suf fering from the cold and at the same time measuring solar intensity far great er than that which would have been re corded in the hot desert below. "The results of the instrumental data," says Butler, "were not apparent to the senses. Even during the middle of the day the temperature hardly rose above freezing, although the mountain 1s near ly 200 miles north of the Tropic of Capri corn. We all wore heavy clothing, stock ing caps, mittens and heavy shoes. De spite the cold, one burned severely in a few hours without the protection of a sunshade. The men who worked in the mine were burned almost black. Al though the data show that the amount of solar radiation experienced .here is greater than is ever experienced at sea level, the only way this could be felt was In a feverish feeling about the nose, cheeks and neck." Two thousand feet below was a min ing camp which is said to be the highest permanent human settlement in .the world. Actually, however, persons sel dom live there more than a few weeks at a time. Nearly every one suffers from diseases peculiar to the great altitude. No child, so far as could be learned, was ever bom there. It probably rep resents, however, the highest altitude at which men and women can live for ■ilmlafl period!. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS By Frederic J. Haskin. r_ A reader can get the answer to any question of fact by writing The Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washington, D. C. Please *inclose stamp for reply. Q. How many persons have traveled over 200 miles an hour by automobile or speed boat?--E. H. A. Within the past five years five men have traveled over 200 miles an hour. With the exception of Sir Malcolm Campbell, all have been killed, three In automobiles and one in a speed boat. Q. How many tourists visit the White House around Easter time?--E. P. A. During the month of April, 112.430 sightseers visited the executive mansion. Q. How many cities have been built on the reclaimed Pontine marshes?--G. G. A. In the past six years, three towns have been methodically planned and built. They are Littoria, Sabaudia and Pontinia. Mussolini has recently found ed a new town, Aprilia. which will be completed in 1937. In 1938, the town of Pomezia will be started. The Pontine marshes are now rich wheat fields. Q. What are the six fundamental prin- ciples of the Constitution of the United States?--B. R. A. They are: Representative govern ment, dual government, inalienable rights of the individual, independence of the Judiciary, system of checks and balances, and Joint power of the Presi dent and the Senate in the determina tion of foreign policy. Q. How long has Walt Disney been making cartoons?--E. H. A. Walt Disney started cartooning in Kansas City in 1921 when he made the Laugh-O-Gram series. In October. 1923, he and his brother Roy went to Holly- wood and produced the Alice cartoon? The first Mickey Mouse was •'Steamboat Willie." 1928. The first Silly Symphon was "The Skeleton Dance," 1929. Th first Silly Symphony in color wa "Flowers and Trees," 1932. Q Did Gov. Landon of Kansas serve during the World War?--J. H. A The Governor was a first lieutenant in the Chemical Warfare Service. Q. Can mosquitoes smell?--R. M. A. Mosquitoes can smell. In fact. It is the odor of the human skin which largely influences their attacks on a human being. Perfume is not generally attractive to insects of the mosquito type. In fact, some perfumed oils, as for example, oil of citronella, are highly distasteful to mosquitoes and are used in mosquito repellents. Q. Please give some information about early police departments.--M. R. A. In earliest Colonial days there were no paid policemen, but in 1636 Boston established a night watch consisting of two citizens who were paid to patrol the city at night. Other cities soon followed until 1700 when Philadelphia made each citizen take his turn as a member of the watch. In 1844 the New York Legislature passed a law establish ing a single police unit in New York City, which is the basis of modern police departments today. rv tt _i j i. thor of "The Man With the Hoe '?--F. M. A. The poet recently celebrated his 84th birthday anniversary.

Q. In what part of the United States are olives grown commercially?--H. C. P. A. The regions in which the olive may be successfully grown to a commercial extent in the United States are confined to portions of California and Arizona. Q. What is the name of the actress whom Sir Joshua Reynolds painted as "The Tragic Muse"?--F. R. A. The subject of the famous painting was Sarah Siddons, English tragic actress. Q. Please give some information about the pre-historic burial mounds in Wick liffe, Ky.-E. G. A. The King Mounds are situated above the meeting of the Ohio and Mis sissippi Rivers near Wickliffe. There are nine mounds, four of which have been excavated under the supervision of Col. Fain W. King of Paducah. Ky. The burial mound contains 153 burials of three distinct types: Bundles or reburial, extended dorsal and cremated. The bodies were buried with their favorite pottery, tools, flints, bone implements and jewelry. Q. Is Westminster Abbey to have a new organ?--E. H. R. A. One will be installed In time for next year's coronation. The late King George and Queen Mary each contrib uted toward the new instrument and various donations have been received. Q. How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to a woman --C. W. A. Only once, when It was presented jointly to Jane Addams and Nichola. Murray Butler. Q. 1X110 sponsors the Bowery Mission --N. T. A. The Christian Herald. The mission is 53 years old. Gifts of clothing arc sent to it from all parts of the country. Q. Where is the giant statue of Hip pocrates that was unveiled recently at a medical congress?--F. C. A. The statue of the historic physi cian is in the court of the new labora tories of the University of Athens. Before and After. From the Shreveport Journal. Few inmates of Sing Sing are unable to distinguish right from wrong, according to Warden Lawes. The trouble w'ith the vast majority of that population was that they didn't try to make such distinction before they entered. A Rhyme at Twilight By Gertrude Brooke Hamilton Father to Son. Born to an eminent heritage. Not an angle to bark his shins, The battle of life planned out for him, With progress ahead if he wins. His youth brought a secret reaction; He wanted to buck it all. To follow his own strong will, and go Wherever adventure might call. But he took his place without question. Brought his power of will to bear, With foresight and courage met all demands, Evinced capabilities rare. For he knew that in even his well-ordered life There was much to gain or to lose; And in time, through tHe law of in- herltance. His son .would step Into his shoes, 4