Literary Digest 1932-11-19: Vol 114 Iss 21

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CONTENTS

THE LITERARY DIGEST for NoveEMBER 19, 1932

VoLuME 114 Number 21

Published at 354-360 Fourth Avenue New York

OG, Le ia

TOPICS OF THE DAY

The New Deal--What It Means to Us.... 5 Wets and Drys Line Up for the Beer Battle. 8 The 'Scottsboro. Decisions 10 The Fly for Us in France's Peace Ointment . 11 Topics ia Brief = acc ene area 12

FOREIGN COMMENT

Hitler's Shatrered Dream of Dictatorship . . 13 Professions Unpopular in Russia ....... 14 A Census Search-light on India........ 15 Trouble Flaming in the Balkans ....... 16

LETTERS AND ART

No Bricks for Irish Players This Time... . 17 GarusoGomies: Baccara eee ee 18 Who Save Our Orchestras........... 18 The Covers 2c 3 Seeks on isckeei ee eraee 18

RELIGION AND SOCIAL SERVICE

The. Floggings in Florida'..........- 19 Ther Endof va, Gathedralls ws 2 eats os eee 20 Russiavsebiterany: Water ce ce ee ees 20 Is' Extravagance.a Waste? . sun 5 oien eee 20

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Prompt Treatment of Minor Injuries... .. 22 Electric-Spatic Pictuces. ome. <2 eee 22 Foodtfor{ntellectualss 44 #2 eee eee 24 Lie Detectors That Don't Work =. ./:... 24 Warm the Soil, Hurry the Plant ....... 24 Few Eyes: Really Blue 2. 40 «oe eee 24 Window-Glass Set in Rubber......... 24

PERSONAL GLIMPSES

The Queen of Troublesome Creek ..... . 26 The Search for Missing Men ........ . 29 A Palpitating World Welcomes New Bridge Rules for Confiding Contract Fans... . 32 Ahe Whites Mansi Grimetence -aeeea eee 35 INVESTMENTS AND FINANCE Bonds Still "'Comparatively Safe'. ...... 36 A New Aristocracy Born of the Depression . 36 A. ManissCashtReservesorii i aa te ees 37 MISCELLANEOUS The Lexicographer's Easy Chair. ....... 39 'The-Spice of Life: sos iceceeana a eee 40

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NOVEMBER 19, 1932, THE LITERAR@ DIGEST

66

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The Litera

NEW YORK, NOVEMBER

} {

ry Digest

19 S32

TOPICS OF THE DAY The New Deal--What It Means to Us

E HAVE OUR NEW DEAL. And we quickly turn from Democratic cheers and Republican post-mortems to try to realize what this prodigious political revolution means to the country.

Perhaps it is always well to look first on the bright side, and here we find even Republican editors extracting some cheer from the new deal. In the personality of the President-elect, in the completeness of the Democratic victory which gtves the new Administration power equal to its responsi- bility, in the wealth of material available for appointment to im- portant administrative, legislative, and diplo- matic posts, in the promises of coopera- tion between outgoing and incoming adminis- trations, in the appar- ent continuity of policy in many lines, even disappointed Republi- cans ~find cause for hope.

And, then, there is a big sense of relief that the campaign with its uncertainties is over.

Iw Wall Street there is reported to be a rather general feeling of confidence that busi- ness need have little to fear because of the political change.

Of course, this is far from unanimous. We find many Republi- ean editorials regretting that the man they consider the inferior candidate won the election. The New York Evening Post, in fact, says it can not even congratulate Mr. Roosevelt. It thinks that he ''is a good deal like an elusive, slidey, half-back who has made a slick run through a broken field, and then has been pushed. over the line for a touch-down by the mass strength of his whole eleven; he is the hero of the undergraduate hour, but what is he going to do in mature life?"" And the New York Sun, admitting that ''it is impossible to quarrel with fate," continues:

© New York Times Studio

''But it is possible to quarrel with a man who takes the decree of fate as a personal compliment, who believes that the policies which he declared during the campaign were responsible for his success, and who convinces himself that he was elected by a positive vote, when the truth of the matter is that his opponent was defeated by a negative vote.

© Barris & Ewing

The Winners

"Tt is a solemn moment for Franklin D. Roosevelt.

"Unless he is entirely cut off from the stream of common thought, he knows that the country which has elected him Presi- dent hopes that he has more courage than he has shown, more incisiveness of mind than his canvass indicated, more indc- pendence of character than his eagerness to win allies pointed to."

Bor this state of mind is somewhat rare even among Repub- licans. Note this uttor- ance, for instance, from the Republican Boston Herald:

"Tf the wholesome, graciousgentleman who was elected President guides the nation with the fine spirit and the quick perception which he showed in the 'Jim- mie' Walker hearings, nobody need worry about developments at the White House. A real man stood forth at Albany and swept aside the dilatory tac- tics and pious pre- tenses and __ sinister threats of the Tam- manyites with a bold- ness and effectiveness which brought praise from his bitterest ene- mies.

'"Endowed with the knack of making friends and of gaining the loyalty of the man in the street, he may possibly accomplish things that a more brilliant but less in- gratiating executive could not.

"He will start his term in Washington, moreover, at what most observers considec to be the bottom of the economic abyss. With any foresight, any energy, and any luck, the Roosevelt Administration should lead the country upward and onward. And no decent Republican would want it otherwise!

''He will probably have what his predecessor did not have cooperation from the Capitol end of the avenue. He has the country behind him. May he lead it forward!"

sles the President-elect ''develops a program which will help rather than hinder a normal recovery, he may recommend him- self to the American people so completely that 1936 will find him as popular as his predecessor of the same family name,'' re- marks the Troy Record (Rep.). Mr. Roosevelt's "personality and his ideas pleased the people,'"' the Chicago Tribune (Rep.) admits. Roosevelt, says the Santa Fé New Mexican (Ind., Rep.), ''isstrongin qualities that Hoover lacks: his political philosophy is more timely, his liberalism is allied with a human warmth." The

6 THE LPP RRR Y DPCEST

Los Angeles Times (Rep.), which noted Governor Roosevelt's dependence on generalities and a tendency to become more conservative as the campaign progressed, says:

''Now that he has been elected, this lack of definiteness will prove of considerable advantage to him, since it will enable him

NORTH

DAKOTA

Siasan

et REPUBLICAN

one DEMOCRATIC

From the New York Herald Tribin:

How the Democratic Tidal Wave Swept the Country

The numerals indicate the electoral vote of each State.

to choose policies, methods, and men that may considerably disappoint his radical following, but which may conduce to the good of the nation."

'Tur greeting of the press of Mr. Roosevelt's own party may perhaps be summed up in the editorial outgivings first of a con- servative and then of a progressive supporter. First we quote from the New York Times:

""We may feel ourselves fortunate in the choice of such a man as President.

'He has had a long and varied experience in public affairs. His solid abilities as an administrative officer have been amply demonstrated. An educated gentleman, with a background and antecedents that enable him to move easily in high station, he has personal gifts that easily bind to him in friendly relations men and women from diverse walks of life. No one questions his excellent intentions or his worthy ideals.

"Throughout the campaign he has borne himself as a man equal to the most arduous duties. It is certain that he will assume the Presidency with no hampering commitments.

"Assured of party support in both Houses of Congress, he will be in a position to lead the country along those lines of rational and cautious advance which he has publicly advocated.

he people may rest assured that nothing hazardous or up- setting will be favored or consented to by Governor Roosevelt."'

oP aan there is the Philadelphia Record, which hails Roosevelt as the leader in a political revolution. The country, it declares, looks to him for leadership in a great task: ''The task of instill- ing a new sense of social responsibility in our industrial giants, of preventing big business from destroying itself by a short-sighted absorption in immediate profit, of providing economic security for the American masses."' paper--

"The mere election of Roosevelt improves the national morale, changes the view-point of the army of sufferers, smooths the road. When Roosevelt sits at his desk, he will be thinking of John Smith, unemployed, and not of the vaeant concept of

rugged individualism."

And this brings us to the problem which many observers consider one of the first the President-elect must solye-- whether he is to lean more toward his conservative or his pro-

PENNSYLVANIA By, 36

Mr. Roosevelt's 42 States give him 472 electoral votes, and Mr. Hoover's 6 give him 59.

In the opinion of the Philadelphia

NONE WERER hom so Z

gressive followers. The Seattle Times, a normally Republican paper which supported Roosevelt, puts it in this way:

"He has drawn large support from variously conflicting ele- ments for whose theories of government and politics there is no apparent ground of compromise. He must soon make clear to

the country his choice of policies dia-

metrically opposed." es)

'Laat Franklin Roosevelt faces a situ- ation and must solve problems that might well daunt the boldest man, every one agrees. He ''is to be congratulated on his great victory,'' says the Norfolk Virginian- Pilot (Dem.) ; yet ''he is to be sympathized with on the appalling dimensions and perplexity of his task.'"" Apparently he takes the helm of the Ship of State while it is ''still in the grip of a sterm that drove the retiring commander from the bridge"':

"Tf his seamanship is good and the storm moderates, he may have the ex- traordinary good fortune, before his term expires, of piloting the craft into safe harbor. In that event, to abandon the metaphor, he will stand an excellent chance of being reelected.

"The possibility that the economic storm will not have sufficiently abated by 1936 to perfect his title to savior, con- stitutes his political peril. As the depres- sion gets longer the temper of the people gets shorter. The fury that destroyed the political career of Hoover is likely to be outdone by the fury that will cut short the political career of Roosevelt if a definite improvement in the' © nation's business conditions is not apparent by 1936."

mcuna from a slightly different view-point, Mr. Walter Lipp- mann points out in the New York Herald Tribune that the prob- lem before Mr. Roosevelt is far from simple:

'"'For tho the voters are in revolt against the consequences of the post-war policies, except as to Prohibition, they are by no means convinced that the component elements of those policies are wrong.

"Tt can not be said, for example, that the mass of voters who

How the Digest Poll Came Out

For the third time in succession the huge nation-wide straw vote of The Literary Digest has foretold correctly who would be elected President.

The actual election returns showed that The Digest forecast of the Electoral College vote was 99.6 correct. Our straw vote gave Roosevelt 474 electoral votes; he actually will have 472. It gave Hoover 57; he will have 59. The latest figures of the popular vote as we go to press show less than 2 per cent. difference from our poll percentages for Roosevelt and Hoover.

The almost magical accuracy of The Digest's forecast of the electoral vote, however, was due to errors favoring each side that canceled each other. The straw vote showed Hoover leading in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jersey, which went for Roosevelt on Election

Day, and showed Roosevelt leading in Pennsylvania and

Delaware, which went for Hoover. These errors almost balanced. But in spite of their seeming vote for Hoover, The Digest predicted that Roosevelt would carry Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and probably New J ersey on the basis of the 1928 poll, so our forecast went wrong only on Pennsylvania and Delaware, two States out of forty-eight.

The poll prophesied that Hoover would carry Maine even tho the September election there went Demo- cratic, and he did.

This year some Republicans charged us with favoring the Democrats because our poll predicted Democratic victory. But in 1928 some Democrats called us pro- Republican because we foretold Republican victory. Obviously The Literary Digest is no more Democratic in 1932 than it was Republican in 1928.

MOVEN BERT 9) 3 1: 93'2

elected Mr. Roosevelt see the connection between political isola- tion and economic nationalism on the one hand and the miseries and insecurities which afflict them on the other. The result which would follow from a change in these policies the people clearly desire, but Mr. Roosevelt has still to convince them that the policies should be changed.

"Therefore, he will read the verdict most accurately, I believe, if he assumes that the people have willed the end without willing the means to that end. He will prepare himself most truly for his work if he keeps in the center of his mind a realization that the task of persuading the people to follow him was only begun during his campaign.

'He will be wise if he never fails to remember that he will be judged four years hence, not by the immediate popularity of one measuré or another, but by the total result of all his actions as they are reflected in the general condition of the country.

"Mr. Roosevelt sets forth with favorable omens. Luckily for him the public has not been taught to look upon him as a super- man. His abilities have, if anything, been underrated. Luckily for him he can remind his party that they have won not on their own charms but because there was a rebellion among the Re- publicans. Luckily for him he has not made or had to make very many specific pledges to the voters which will rise to plague him.

""He has ample power. He is free to draw around himself the ablest and most disinterested men he can find. His good-will no one questions. He has proved that he has the gift of political sagacity.

"Tf only he will sail by the stars and not where the winds of opinion would take him, he will bring the ship into port.'

Bor while Mr. Roosevelt must thus come to grips with almost insoluble problems, he has certain advantages which both friends and foes are quick to point out. One is emphasized by Mark Sullivan of the New York Herald Tribune. It lies in the immen- sity of the Roosevelt vietory--a victory, by the way, which Mr. Sullivan was one of the last to admit when all the straw votes were so strongly indicating it. But the point is that the incom- ing President "'owes no debt to any one except the people."' That is, no political leader can assert that his particular contribu- tion was essential to Roosevelt's success, and that he therefore deserves consideration. Mr. Sullivan puts it even more broadly:

"Tf any of the Hastern conservatives expect anything for the campaign contributions they made, the answer is that very probably, as it now appears, Governor Roosevelt could have won without any material campaign fund at all.

""Tf the South makes any sectional] claim, the answer is that all the Southern States twice over could be deducted and Governor Roosevelt still would be President.

"Tf the West makes a claim, the answer is that every State west of the Mississippi could be subtracted.

"Tf the farmers claim special consideration, the answer is that every farming State could be taken away from Governor Roose- velt's vote, and yet leave him victor.

"Tf the veterans claim the new President must support their demands on the Federal Treasury, the answer is that the veter- ans' vote could be subtracted and still leave Governor Roosevelt a winner."

ees there is one exception, admits Mr. Sullivan, in the wet vote, to which Governor Roosevelt owes '"'not a debt but a duty," in view of the Democratic platform pledges. Then still another freedom is conferred on Governor Roosevelt in the prac- tical wiping out of any Republican leadership capable of resisting or seriously embarrassing Governor Roosevelt until he makes some serious blunder. ''Not among Republican Senators, Rep- resentatives, or Governors of States, as they stand after this election, is any individual who stands out as the probable leader of the Republicans during the coming four years."'

And if there is lack of Republican leadership, there is no such dearth in the Democratic camp. In fact, Arthur Krock of the New York Times suggests that when it comes to Cabinet timber the Democrats have an embarrassment of riches. Newspapers and press associations vie with each other in calling attention to Democratic Cabinet possibilities.

Now comes the call for what the New Haven Journal-Courier calls ''the early establishment of a working entente cordiale be-

NEES iL TER ACRE

p 4 DIGEST 7

tween the President and the President-elect.'' There was some talk, not very serious, that to avoid a four months' wait, Presi- dent Hoover with Vice-President and Secretary Stimson might resign, and that Governor Roosevelt having been appointed Secretary of State, could succeed at once.

W nat is deemed more likely is the kind of cooperation that President Lincoln had in mind when he feared that he would be succeeded by McClellan in the midst of the Civil War. It will be remembered that Mr. Hoover in his congratulatory tele- gram to Governor Roosevelt, said that ''in the common purpose'' he dedicated himself ''to every possible helpful effort," and

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Copyright, 1932, by the New York Tribune, Inc. Courtesy of the New York He,ald 7r.bune

The Heck With That New Deal Stuff --Darling in the New York ''Herald Tribune."

Governor Roosevelt replied: ''I join in your gracious expression of a common purpose and helpful effort for our country."

Several members of the Hoover Cabinet have said that they would do all in their power to give information and aid to their successors. It is not likely that the President will call Mr. Roose- velt to the White House to confer with him about such important matters as, for instance, the coming world economic conference, but says Clarence L. Linz of the New York Journal of Commerce, undoubtedly some third person will keep in touch with both Mr. Hoover and Mr. Roosevelt so that nothing will be started which would be scrapped by the new Administration.

And, at any rate, says Joseph H. Baird of the United Press, "the absence of wide differences in the foreign policies of the two parties, coupled with Secretary of State Stimson's pledge of cooperation with his Democratic successor, is expected to enable the State Department to proceed with negotiations on war debts, disarmament, and other problems without delay."

The fact that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is now headed by a Democrat is one of the reasons which convince cor- respondents that the new Administration is not likely to upset the essential elements of the President's reconstruction program.

And it is with things like this in mind that a Hoover supporter, the Topeka Capital (Rep.), concludes that '' while Hoover's elec- tion would have smoothed the road of recovery, his defeat will not greatly prolong hard times."

\

8 THE LITERARY DIGEST NOVEMBER 19, Nos P -AND Os LAS ' aS Now: ©

7, AMERICAN

fae

fA exprosive

Copyright, 1932, by the Chicago Tribune

It Acts Fast Once It Starts

--Orr in the Chicago "'Tribune."'

Wets and Drys Line Up for the Beer Battle

oO T'S WATERLOO FOR THE WATER-WAGON." That's what the tremendous Democratic victory means, says Nelson Harding of the New York Evening Journal.

And all wets naturally agree.

But in the very face of the huge vote rolled up for Democrats in all parts of the country, the drys still cling to the citadel of Prohibition and shout defiance.

"In no sense a wet victory,' declares Deets Pickett, research secretary of the Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition and Public Morals, and Mrs. Ella A. Boole, national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union adds:

"The election brought the wet-dry issue into the open. We can beat the repeal policy of the Democrats more overwhelmingly than we could have beaten the 'straddle' policy of the Republi- cans."

But ''whatever else the Democratic sweep may mean," as- serts the Republican New York Herald Tribune, 'it is obviously a mandate to Congress to modify the Volstead Law and pass a resolution for the straight repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment."

And that is the view, and the determination, of all wets. Granting that it may require a long, hard fight before the Amendment can be thrown overboard, their first thoughts after election are turned toward modification of the Volstead Law.

"We want beer" is the ery echoed in a thousand papers as the excited wets canvass the prospects for an early return of that beverage. ''Beer by February," says a head-line, based upon hopes of modifying the law, and Senator Huey Long of Louisiana is so optimistic that he even predicts beer by Christmas.

Senator Walsh of Massachusetts has a beer bill ready to submit when the "lame-duck"' session of Congress meets next month, and Senator Robinson of Arkansas, the Democratic leader, sees no reason why such a bill should not receive prompt attention.

In Pittsburgh, 50,000 shares of a brewery stock are snapt up by the public the day after election. From Milwaukee, St. Paul, St. Louis, and other brewing centers come reports of a readiness to supply beer immediately it is legalized. European countries are watching hopefully, looking for a share of the beverage trade which they see just around the corner. Thousands of Americans are reported hopeful of getting jobs soon with the revival of brewing, and bankers, business men and governmental officials are estimating how much the general taxation burden would be relieved by a levy on beer.

sut what are the prospects of getting beer so soon? Will the "Jame-duck"' session act? Or must the country wait until the newly-elected Senators and Representatives take office with President-elect Roosevelt on March 4?

Not so favorable to wet hopes for quick action is this report by John Snure in the New York Herald Tribune:

"Tt is too early to tell whether there will be modification legislation in the short session of the old Congress this winter, or whether action will be taken before March 4 for a change in the Eighteenth Amendment.

"Drys are expected to filibuster to block votes on either of these matters, but action on both propositions in the expected extra session next spring is anticipated generally. An early canvass indicates that both modification and repeal will be shunted over to the new Congress."

Osun important bills may crowd out the wet measures in this session, it seems. ''The chief cloud obscuring the wet view'' is "the urgency of revenue legislation and other economic measures which will require much time for consideration,"' says a Washing- ton dispatch to the same paper--

"That the revenue-raising fight will be a long one was indi- . cated by the plans of Republican leaders already in Washington to press for action on a simple program calling for enactment of a general sales tax in place of the limited sales and nuisance taxes in the present law.

"To advance that program and allow time in the three months of the 'lame-duck' session for its enactment, they are considering steps to sidetrack all Prohibition proposals which may be put forward, holding that they would arouse too much debate, and should be left over for action at an extra session of the Demo- eratically controlled new Congress in the spring.

"Tf that plan is carried forward, the first move to sidetrack Prohibition proposals will have to come in the Senate."

(eo! the wets will start their fight as soon as Congress meets. Says Senator Walsh:

"On the convening of Congress I shall offer a bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of beer and other beverages for which Congress received a mandate at the election.

"TI shall propose an alcoholic content of approximately 2.75 per cent. by weight. The bill will contain a provision for taxing beer at the rate formerly levied by Federal law. Provision also

will be made for the manner of sale and the manner of licensing venders of the legalized beverages."

"The Democratic party went wrong on the great moral issue of slavery. Now it is wrong on the great moral issue of booze and beer," declares the Tulsa Tribune, speaking for the die-hard drys. ''It has been captured by the liquor traffic, and it is theirs. It will obey its master.' ;

'""We know of no people who have made themselves prosperous and happy through booze," adds the Denver Post. 'But if the majority of the people want liquor, they will have it whether it is good for them or not. When the majority has spoken, the minority must bow to its will." ;

The belief that the Supreme Court may upset wet p' .sfor an

NOVEMBER 19, 1932

early return of beer is exprest by some papers, among them the Kansas City Star:

. Predictions of immediate modification of the Volstead Law to permit legal sales of beer, and possibly light wines, leave out of account one vital consideration.

"It is the position that might be taken by the United States Supreme Court on legislation of that nature.

"It is assumed that the only thing necessary would be action by Congress (with Presidential approval) raising the alcoholic content of beer to 2.75 to 3 or 4 per cent. compared with the one- half of 1 per cent. now set for all beverages by the Volstead Law.

"But if this aleoholie content should be increased to any one of the suggested percentages, what would be the attitude of the Supreme Court? The legislation would be certain to go to that body for a decision, and the court, in decisions handed down 'both before and since Prohibition, has upheld the one-half of 1 per cent."

And the same view is exprest by the Los Angeles Times, which adds that ''the passage of a beer bill by Congress in any event would not mean beer but prolonged litigation, with the result in doubt, unless and until the EHighteenth Amendment is changed."

"The talk of authorizing beer by Christmas," says the Dallas Morning News, "is as foolish as the Ford peace ship that was going to get the boys out of the trenches by Christmas."

Discounrre the wet sentiment exprest at the election, Dr. A. J. Barton, national dry-force leader, declares that ''Pro- hibition was not the sole or even the major factor in the result of the Presidential election.'' Dr. Barton, who is president of the National Conference of Organizations Supporting the Highteenth Amendment, adds:

"Flushed with victory, the Democrats will doubtless attempt the immediate repeal or modification of the Volstead Law so as to permit the manufacture, distribution and sale of wines and beer.

"This will be an open attempt to nullify the Constitution of the United States. It will be in direct opposition to the Demo- eratic doctrine held and expounded by Thomas Jefferson and all other great Democratic leaders.

"This attempt at nullification will so shock and arouse the people as to bring a real revolt. I anticipate that Congress, even with the Democrats in control, will hardly assume so bold and defiant an attitude toward the Constitution, and so disre- gard the solemn oath of office.

"The second step in the Democratic program will be an at- tempt to have Congress propose to the States a Constitutional amendment for a blanket repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment. The sentiment of the nation is overwhelmingly against repeal and the nation will arise in solemn and determined protest.

"Tf President Hoover had not yielded to the clamor of the Republicans of the East, and had not made the tragic blunder of reversing his position on Prohibition; if he had been as courage- ous and militant for Prohibition as he was for his other policies, and had left the united dry forces any ground on which they could fight for him, he would have been triumphantly reelected in spite of the depression."

Bor '"'the election of a Democratic wet Congress is a plain mandate from the people of the nation for drastic revision down- ward of the tariff and for prompt submission to the States by Congress of a repeal of the Highteenth Amendment," declares the Portland Oregonian. :

'Those were the outstanding measures that the Democratic party and candidates held out to the voters, and they should be forthcoming promptly."

"The wisest thing this nation could do,'' says the Philadelphia Record, on the other side of the continent, ''is to admit that Prohibition is dead, and start on the road to repeal at once" --

"Tt is up to the lame-duck session of Congress, meeting next month, to bow to the will of the majority, which has swept an outright repeal President into office, and modify the Volstead Law immediately.

'Repeal may take a year, or two, or three. It is certain to come. Modification should pave the way. It is time to stop the

ieee TER AR DA GEST 9

obstructionism, the last-ditch fighting which merely blocks and temporarily delays the nation from taking the path it has so overwhelmingly chosen.

"The lame-duck session should accept the public mandate and legalize light wines and beer within a week after it convenes. The debate is over. The uncertainty is over. The merits of the case have been decided, and the verdict should be recorded."

Ap the St. Louis Post-Dispatch likewise argues earnestly for prompt action:

"Unfortunately, the people could not vote directly upon this issue.

In instances where they could do so, they exprest with

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The Ex-Leading Man

--Elderman in the Washington ''Post.''

emphasis their opposition to Prohibition. To do the will of the people is the first obligation of free government.

''National Prohibition is a failure. Neither morally nor economically can the country afford it. The people want deliverance.

''They look to Congress to strike the first blow at their chains.

"They want to restore to the public income the immense revenues which for twelve years have gone to rum-runners, moonshiner, and bootleggers.

"They want to restore the sovereignty of the State, retrieve public decency, to cut out at the root the hypocrisy which is demoralizing and degrading the American people and their public men.

""Only Congress can initiate repeal of the Kighteenth Amend- ment, set in motion the machinery of which the States are a part, consolidate the victory against Prohibition won at the polls in every part of the land. Repeal the Kighteenth Amendment."

Sxowra the extent of the Democratic sweep which gives wets control of the new Congress, the United Press tells us that ''in most cases State Prohibition repeal won''--

"Tleven States registered wet sentiment by voting repeal of State Prohibition enforcement or petitioning Congress to submit a repeal of the Highteenth Amendment.

''Michigan, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Dakota, Washing- ton, Colorado, California, Oregon, and Arizona repealed the State laws prohibiting liquor. Connecticut, Louisiana, and Wyoming petitioned Congress to submit a repeal amendment.

"Michigan, in repealing the 'one' dry clause of the State Constitution, also voted to establish a State Liquor Commission to regulate liquor traffic when and if it should become legal."

10 THE LURERARY? DIGEST

NOVEMBER 19, F932

The Scottsboro Decision

EVEN YOUNG NEGROES condemned to death at Seottsburo, Alabama, are to have a new trial. This is the decree of the United States Supreme Court.

The prisoners, whose case has become internationally famous through the insistence of various liberal and radical organiza- tions that they did not have a fair trial, were accused of an attack upon two white women stealing a rideon a freight-train.

"The really important gain," remarks the Baltimore LHve- ning Sun, ''arises out of the fact that it will not be possible for honest men to claim, as it is possible for them to claim in the Sacco and Vanzetti case, and in the Mooney and Billings case, that any legal avenue of escape was closed to the de- fendants."'

The intervention of the Supreme Court was _ based on the Fourteenth Amend- ment of the Constitution, which provides that no State "shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property with- out due process of law." Specifically the court ruled that the accused were not

"Tt is not enough to assume that counsel thus precipitated into the case thought there was no defense, and exercised their best judgment in proceeding to trial without preparation. Neither they nor the court could say what a prompt and thoroughgoing investigation might disclose as to the facts. Noattempt was made to investigate. No opportunity to do so was given. Defen- dants were immediately hurried to trial.

'"'Under the circumstances disclosed we hold that defendants were not accorded the right of counsel in any substantial sense. To decide otherwise would sim- ply be to ignore actualities....

'"In the light of the facts outlined in the forepart of this opinion--the ignorance and illiteracy of the defendants, their youth, the circumstances of public hostility, the imprison- ment, and the close surveillance of the defendants by the mili- tary forces, the fact that their friends and families were all in other States, and communica- tion with them necessarily difficult, and, above all, that they stood in deadly peril of their lives--we think the fail- ure of the trial court to give them reasonable time and opportunity to secure counsel wasa clear denial of due process.

"But passing that, and assuming their inability, even if opportunity should be given, to employ counsel, as the trial

allowed counsel at the time when it was essential to their protection.

| es decision is especially

Riotous Sympathy for "'the Scottsboro Boys''

While the Supreme Court was considering the case of the seven

Negroes, radical sympathizers attempted to picket the building

where the Justices sat. The result was a series of clashes with

the Washington police, in which many were hurt and fourteen

arrested. The hatless and disheveled figure on the right is a policeman about to throw a tear bomb.

court evidently did assume, we are of opinion that, under the circumstances just stated, the necessity of counsel wais so vital and imperative that the failure of the trial court to

interesting, notes the New

York Herald Tribune, because ''the Suprem Court passes for the first time on the question of how far the 'due process' clause guarantees the individual adequate representation by counsel.'"' And in Georgia the Macon Telegraph remarks: ''The decision makes it more imperative than ever that we in the South, oceasionally disturbed and inflamed by race feeling after a particularly atrocious erime of degeneracy, shall take great precaution that what we do in the way of punishment is not only legal, but also morally fair."

Justice Sutherland, regarded as one of the most conservative members of the tribunal, handed down, the decision, in which six of his colleagues concurred, while two dissented. The innocence or guilt of the defendants was not at issue before the court. To quote Justice Sutherland:

"However guilty defendants upon due inquiry might prove to have been, they were, until convicted, presumed to be inno- cent. It was the duty of the court having their cases in charge to see that they were denied no necessary incident of a fair trial."'

After reviewing the story of the case to show that, '' during perhaps the most critical period of the proceedings, that is to say, from the time of their arraignment to the beginning of their trial, when consultation, thoroughgoing investigation, and prepa- ration were vitally important, the defendants did not have the aid of counsel in any real sense," the decision goes on to say:

"The defendants, young, ignorant, illiterate, surrounded by hostile sentiment, haled back and forth under guard of soldiers, charged with an atrocious crime, regarded with especial horror in the community where they were to be tried, were thus put in peril of their lives within a few moments after counsel for the first time charged with any degree of responsibility began to repre- sent them.

make an effective appoint- ment of counsel was likewise a denial of due process within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment."

Sse dissenting opinion, by Justices Butler and McReynolds, points out that, "'if there had been any lack of opportunity for preparation, trial counsel could have applied to the court for postponement,'' and affirms that "'the record wholly fails to reveal that the petitioners have been deprived of any right guaranteed by the Federal Constitution."

In Alabama the Montgomery Advertiser comments as follows:

'Alabama tried to give these men a fair trial.

''Alabama wishes to wrong no man, and it does not believe that it has wronged these men.

"Tt had thought that it did well by them, in all the cireum- stances.

"Tt resents the ill-repute into which its name has been forced by reckless agitators.

"But if there is any reasonable doubt in disinterested, respon- sible minds as to the fairness of the first trial, another will be granted eheerfully.

"But Alabama stands conscience-clear and unashamed before the world!"

'

This Supreme Court decision ''will awaken approving echoes in every part of the nation,' says the Baltimore Sun; and a glance at the editorial pages of the press supports this predic- tion. The Chicago Daily News calls it "legally and morally important,' and the Springfield Republican hails it as ''a new milestone in the progress of justice." It is "good sense and good policy," says the Newark News. It is "'good for civilization as well as for humanity," declares the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch. And the New York Times believes that, ''however people may feel about the case itself, there will be general approval.of the lofty position taken by the majority of the Supreme Court."

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The Fly for Us in France's Peace Ointment

MERICA BALKS AT THE FRENCH disarmament plan. It balks at the security pledge required of Uncle Sam.

Our old fear of entangling alliances still is strong.

Such, at least, is the impression given by American comment on the proposal advanced by Premier Herriot. True, the web of opinion spun by our press is somewhat tangled, but the strands of suspicion and doubt seem far more numerous than those of praise and hope.

Yet there is hope--a firm belief that the French proposal is another step in mankind's long and weary journey toward peace.

"The French disarmament pro- posals constitute a new approach to the European problem--the Franeo-German problem--which has distinet possibilities of suc- cess," asserts The Christian Science Monitor.

"And if that problem is solved, the world will be a long way farther on toward general recovery and lasting peace."'

Essentials of this French plan, which was discust in our last issue, are summarized by the Richmond News-Leader:

"First, additional pledges for the arbitration of international differ- ences.

"Secondly, a promise by the United States to consult with other Powers in case of aggression under the Kellogg-Briand treaty.

"Third, a general reduction of armament, including a return to compulsory military service in Germany.

"Fourth, the establishment of the nucleus of an international force, subject to control by the League of Nations."

Ir is, of course, the provision that America promise to consult with other Powers in case of aggression under the Kellogg-Briand treaty that stirs the greatest comment here.

'"'French politicians are going entirely too fast," declares the Washington Post, 'when they outline a plan for reduction of armaments based upon the assumption that the United States will concur in the creation of a European combination to estab- lish an international force, designate an aggressor in war, and proceed to chastise him."

Furthermore, ''no utterance by any American authority gives warrant for such an assumption," this paper adds. 'Every official outline of American policy runs contrary to the idea that the United States will permit itself to be drawn into a general war to punish a nation which has been identified by others as an aggressor.'' And then:

"The scheme cautiously outlined by Premier Herriot and M. Paul-Boncour is essentially a plan to involve all nations in war for the sake of maintaining the supremacy of certain nations over others.

'"'In plainer terms, the French politicians hope to combine all great Powers in a plan to insure the supremacy of France in Europe. There is in the French scheme no thought of obtaining the just ideal of the equality of nations.

'"'The United States stands opposed to recognition of territorial conquests gained by aggression and violation of treaties. This is

Sword Is Needed

--Knott in the Dallas ''News."'

equivalent to saying that the United States is faithful to the spirit and intent of the Kellogg pact, which is a mutual renuncia- tion of aggression and a pledge to settle all disputes by pacific means.

"But the United States is not bound to go to war against a nation that has violated the pact, and it will not do so unless the violation takes the form of aggression against the United States itself. ...

"The foreign world ought to understand clearly that the United States intends to decide for itself what its attitude shall be in ease of the outbreak of war among or between other countries, whether or not the war seems to be the result of wilful violation of the pledge to renounce war."

(OF ae the United States is not going to write herself into any guaranty treaty,"' asserts the De- troit News, which thinks that ''the most that can be said for the French plan is that it arouses the hope of getting Germany back to Geneva and bringing the Conti- nental nations closer together in the search for a practical way of re- ducing armaments and diminish- ing the danger of provocation that might lead to a war."

"American public opinion," adds the Washington Evening Star, ''is certain to require a good deal of education before it will consent to mortgaging the United States, sights unseen, to abandonment of the fundamentally sovereign right to determine exclusively for itself when the power and prestige of the United States shall be used for or against any nation that may find itself at war."

Nevertheless, the French plan "is a genuine attempt to help for- ward a settlement,'' says the Phila- delphia Inquirer, '"'and as such it deserves impartial considera- tion."

Now Geneva ''has a new approach to the fundamental prob- lem, which is reconciliation between France and Germany, and the erecting of a permanent peace in place of the armistice of 1918," says The Christian Science Monitor, already quoted.

Of course, ''if the French proposals were to seat France firmly in the saddle of status quo, with no possibility of peaceful re- vision, then they would make for disaster."

"Tf, however, they represent another stage in the evolution of French opinion toward reconciliation, they should be weleomed and implemented."

'' As for the United States, '' this paper adds, ''it is very reason- ably asked to make automatic that degree of cooperation with other nations which the American Government has solemnly declared to be implicit in the Pact of Paris."

France has ''raised an issue that will have to be squarely faced by the United States in the near future," declares the Hartford Courant:

"The position taken by France in asking the United States to give earnest of its intentions puts the good faith of the United States in desiring disarmament to a test. The negotiations of the next few months at Geneva will be delicate and significant."

12 | THE LITERARY DIGEST

NOVEM BE REVS Sihgisr

TOPICS IN BRIEF

ENGLAND seems to be operating on the doled standard.--Ohio State Journal.

On the political menu, too, applesauce is served with pork.-- Philadelphia Inquirer.

Tie well-known stork, too, seems to have a faulty distri- bution system.--Florence (Ala.) Herald.

In these depression days, the old doughnut is not only built like a life-preserver. but it has to act as one.---Miami News.

A MINISTERS' association recommends fasting and prayer as a means of ending the depression. Prayer might help, but fasting has been going on for quite a while with little benefit.--

Florence Herald.

Tue trouble is that men who drink like a fish don't drink what a fish drinks --Duluth News-Tribune.

"JAPAN finds vast new source of oil.'' Well, she has a vast new supply of troubled waters for it.--Fort Worth Star-Tele- gram.

Ou, if women could only learn to change gears as smoothly

and nonchalantly as they change husbands! -- Arizona Producer.

We predict that enough national. troubles will survive to provide us plenty of issues for the next campaign.--San Diego Union.

We'Lt soon attain that ideal and equal division of labor-- one-half imposing taxes and the other half paying them.-- Publishers Syndicate.

Last year fewer people were killed by trucks. The question is: Are we getting more con- siderate or just tougher?-- Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.

THE native-son movement seems to have reached an ap- proximate zenith in the South- west, where two States are arguing as to which has produced the biggest nut.--Boston Herald.

' Tux London treaty reduced our Navy to a point where we can scare the whole world by threatening to build up to it.--San Diego Union.

A sTaTISTICAL report shows that for every four men over eighty-five years old there are seven women. But it's too late then.--Atlanta Journal.

AnotuER of the world's naval problems. seems to be getting an allotted war-ship completed in time to have it declared obso- lete.--Christian Science Monitor.

An Australian inventor, by the way, has perfected a spanking- machine. We suppose he expects a large turnover, if he goes into quantity production.--Boston Herald.

Tuart "'mystery ship" which has been following the U. S. fleet during its battle maneuvers off the California coast probably belongs to some taxpayer who's curious to find out how the Navy spends its $400,000,000 per year.--Jackson News.

Tun mortgage was introduced to Arizona along with soeks and shirts and other trappings of a decadent civilization that we were much better off without. In the last year or two they have taken socks and shirts away from us, but they've left us our

mortgages intact.--Arizona Producer.

The Rock Still Stands --Fitzpatrick in the St. Louis ''Post-Dispatch."'

Anp now R. F. C. stands for ''Refinancing Flat Cities.""-- Ohio State Journal.

PERSONALLY, we don't care who brings back prosperity--just so they bring it back alive.--J/udge.

Tun trouble is that a man too often shows his worst side to his better half.--Duluth News-Tribune.

Tur Soviets, Moscow reports, are far behind what they set out to do in five years. Aren't we all?--Arkansas Gazette.

A group of professors at the University of Nebraska has issued a pamphlet to explain the A B C's of taxation. Wish they'd explain, next, how to find the X's and V's to pay them with. --Boston Herald.

GoupnN RvueE, 1932 version: Expect to be done as you would like to do others.--Dunbar's Weekly (Phaniz).

INSULL was one who said public ownership wouldn't work because men are such grafters. --Bellingham (Wash.) Herald.

Tue election rules, however, have not been changed: in a depression year the ins are still vulnerable. -- Virginian Pilot.

Postau receipts are still on the decline, one reason being that it is almost useless to write home for money these days. Ohio State Journal.

Ir, as Professor Einstein says, the world is ten billion years old, those dogs must be getting pretty darned tired waiting for it to go to them.--Boston Herald.

Brrets which look as, tho they were nailed to the head are the latest fashion. Many heads lend themselves to this treatment.-- Punch (London).

Boh amn0

Tue early settlers, remarks a lecturing historian, found an asylum on these shores, but it was a bit different, we guess, from the kind they might think they'd found, if they landed about now.-- Boston Herald.

"War is more exasperating than an alarm clock that doesn't go off?" asks a correspondent. One that does.--The [Zumorist (London).

WueEat has hit its lowest price in seventy years. Curiously, this appears to affect polities a good deal more than it affects bread.--San Diego Union.

_Inp1an claims against Uncle Sam now total three and a half billion dollars. Maybe this country will have to be turned back to the Indians, yet.-- Wichita Eagle.

"Waar the United States needs," says Abbé Dimnet, "'is an American Gandhi."' The fellow who got my old clothes that were given away will approximate the réle, unless he patches them.--Detroit News.

ANnp some of them continue to harp on what a debt of grati- tude we owe to the bankers. If 'twere only gratitude, many of us wouldn't hesitate for a moment about dropping in to express our thanks and best wishes.--New Orleans States.

Tue San Diego women who set up a clearing-house for barter say that, in the course of an extremely busy business, they have many three- and four-cornered deals. That last one, making four nearly penniless persons happy, may be the square deal everybody is looking for.--Christian Science Monitor.

LLU

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FOREIGN

COMMENT

Hitler's Shattered Dream of Dictatorship

DOLF HITLER'S DREAM of becoming dictator of Germany by legal means is said to have been, ''dis- sipated forever" as the result of the Reichstag elec-

tions on November 7.

For the first time since the Brown Shirts, led by their fiery and eloquent chief, leapt into world- wide prominence two years ago, the National Socialists (Fas- cist) party suffered a_ set- back at the polls in the elec- tion of the seventh Reichstag of the German Republic.

The Nazis, as they are familiarly known, polled 2,- 000,000 votes less than their high-water-mark in the parlia- mentary election of July 31, and they will have 195 depu- ties in the new Reichstag as compared to the record num- ber of 230 they registered in the old.

The standing of the parties in the new and old Reichstag, with their gain or loss of seats, is shown in a table cabled by John Elliott from Berlin to the New York Herald Tribune, and based on official returns:

Seats Gain Party New Old or Loss National Socialists. .f.5........ eee 195 230 --35 HeLa SL Sew wee Ae ee kee bs obs 121 133 --12 (Crommmuach at 1S) tr ops eee es Ae a $ 100 89 +11 Cathone: Coentrists.. .Mec.eie cs Shes 69 UD -- 6 INURE GTI), 51 BY +14 Ba OIA COP Oi & aiep.c:acci> os\% seo0- 5+ 19 22 -- 3 _ OCT OVS S35 Shonda cul ack cee ne 11 7 + 4 lia stianOOCiale st e.0s . ose ec. ASS 5 4 + 1 SIGH EAE iN eae ch eo 2 4 -- 2 CGpentanwb arin CLs. ales Shes A Ss 3 2 +1 CROMaTEn TYG, 6G RE eee eee 2, 2 chied Wurttemberg Wine Gardeners..... 2 +2 HEE OWIGET UTS Hole) .51 0) ae, se o> # Shs eal 1 ¥ +1 JNGRERE CHINO 5 5 aha Sie) Ah Rates ea RA 1 1 a (Cearenniiny, 1BAUi ae 2 ies baled eee 2 -- 2 NOES SS 5" 5: GLARE cee Ee rer Cle Trea 582 608

Insreap of a further advance toward that mythical 51 per cent. of the German voters which Hitler needed in order to establish Fascism in Germany ''by legal means,' The Herald Tribune's correspondent points out that the election shows that "hardly one-third of the German people now follow the leadership of the Munich spellbinder."" The momentum of National Socialism, which required the stimulus of continual success, '' probably now has received its fatal check." As recorded in United Press dispatches from Berlin, the official final returns of the voting are:

"'National Socialists (Hitlerites), 11,713,785; Social Democrats, 7,237,894; Communists, 5,974,209; Catholics (Centrists), 4,228,- 633; Nationalists, 3,064,977; Bavarian People's party, 1,081,932; Constitutional party, 338,064; Volks party, 660,092; Christian Socialists, 412,685."

Another important revelation of the election, it seems, is the record vote of the Communist party, and this is said to reflect the growing radicalization of the workers, which has been fostered

*

Amending the Reichstag Inscription

"To the German people' now is added the cartoonist's sarcastic warning "'they can get no help here.''

--''Kladderadatsch''

by what are described as the reactionary measures of the Junker Cabinet.

Apart from the Nazi losses and Communist gains, the election discloses only slight changes in the relative strength of the parties. The Socialist again will be the second largest party in the Reichs- tag and, as the Berlin corre- spondent above quoted notes, the new Reichstag will have but 582 members as compared with the record number of 608 in the old Chamber. He ealls attention further to the fact that:

"Of these 582 Deputies, 416 belong to 'Socialist' parties of one shade or another, 195 to the National Socialists, 121 to the Social Democrats, and 100 to the Communists.

"The fourth largest party, the Catholic Center party, which is represented by sixty- nine Deputies, also is in- fluenced largely by its trades- union section.

"Of the purely bourgeois parties in Germany, to-day only the Nationalists, led by Alfred Hugenberg, newspaper- chain proprietor, has any con- siderable strength.

"This Monarchist party, which is the principal political prop of the von Papen Govern- ment, made its best showing since its disastrous split in the summer of 1930, when former Chancellor Bruening detached its intellectual wing. Polling more than 3,000,000 votes and electing fifty-one Deputies to the Chamber, the Nationalists drew a number of votes from the Hitler party, but considerably less than they estimated three months ago, in July, when the Reichstag was dissolved.

'"The failure of the Nationalist party to make a stronger show- ing is one of the hardest blows the von Papen Government suf- fered in yesterday's election.

"The Nationalists had to share with the Communists the gains arising from secessionists out of the Hitler party. While the Hugenberg party gained fourteen seats in the Reichstag, the Reds won eleven additional mandates.

"The People's party, once led by the late Gustav Stresemann, also benefited slightly by Nazi defections."

(Berlin).

Tus bitter mood in which Hitler took his setback is apparent from the sneering declaration of his chief newspaper organ, the Munich Voelkische Beobachter:

"To have helped the Communists to one hundred seats is the prime achievement of the government Lords Club."

Among additional cables from the German press to THE Lirerary Dieest, we find another Nazi organ, the Berlin Angriff, assailing Chancellor von Papen in scathing fashion:

"Perhaps von Papen, with head-shakings, will realize that his fight against partizanship has resulted only in a semblance of resurrection of the miserable remains of the bourgeoisie interests. [Meaning the Nationalists' Deutsche Volkspartei.]"'

What caused the growth of the Communist vote? The Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung denies that any Nazis switched to the Red party, and it asserts flatly:

"The growth of the Communists comes exclusively from the ranks of the Social Democrats. Close serutiny of the results proves that not a single Nazi could have voted Communist.

"We place this result in the foreground, because it proves that 13

14 THE LAMA R.YGDIGESA

despite the relative crisis of social democracy, the march toward social radicalism continues, while, on the other hand, the social radicalism of the National Socialists in view of the latest develop- ments now has reached a peak satisfying to its revolutionary elements."

Naturally, the Communists are jubilant over their gains, and weleome the workers whom they claim to have won over from the National Socialists. As the Communist Echo von Berlin puts it:

"The proletarians now are beginning to march out of the camp of National Socialism, since they realize that in the last analysis,

> B = ball ws. WD.

Plight of the German Parties

"United we fight against von Papen and singly we fight against

" one another. --''Simplicissimus'" (Munich).

even with their own tools of capitalism such as Prince Thyssen and von Strauss--in short, with the most prominent leaders of the steel industry--they are unable to fight against capitalism and its chief profiteers."

Ox the other hand, the Social-Democratic Vorwaerts is more than ever critical of the so-called Junker Government, and it looks with some concern into the future "'if the barons stubbornly cling to their government seats in an effort to impose a Junker régime," and adds warningly:

"Tf von Papen refuses to yield to a vote of misconfidence, then

it will be President von Hindenburg's duty to execute the will of the nation."

Germania, organ of the Catholic Center party, hints at a possi- ble return of former Chancellor Bruening, and observes solemnly:

"We face a forking of the ways which, perhaps, is our last chance to decide whether a fortunate decision for the people is forthcoming. The people for a second time in recent months have given a devastating repulse to the present administration."

Cables to Tur Lirprary Dicxst from the French press show that the Paris Temps is particularly imprest by the Nazi reversal, and it assures us that:

'""Hitler's decline has started. He has no chance either of obtaining an absolute majority or of ranging a stable majority about him. It remains for von Papen to govern with force, even against the will of the country, inasmuch as he can use the specter of two revolutionary parties as potential sources of civil war.

In England the London Times notes that about 90 per cent. of

the electors are against the von Papen Government, and it thinks:

"1t is most likely that the von Papen-Schleicher Ministry will

NeO WiE MeB Ewa l OF leO ez

derive satisfaction from the decisive decrease in the Hitler vote and the slight decrease in representation of Bruening's Center party. ;

"Thus the possibility of an alternative Nazi-Center Govern- ment apparently has been removed. The absence of any obvious alternative government which could be based upon a parla- mentary majority must doubtless, in a negative way, strengthen the position of the present government, but it 1s a strange victory that has ranged about 90 per cent. of the electors against them.

The chief impression made by the election on the London Daily Telegraph is the looming larger of the Communists as political factors, and it avers:

"The Communist party has now to be taken seriously as a growing political force in Germany.

"The day is brought nearer when the 'presidial' government must make its choice between surrendering to a constitutional majority or turning to a dictatorship pure and simple with restoration of the monarchy as an object."

Professions Unpopular in Russia

HE SERIOUSSHORTAGE OF CANDIDATES for many professions worries the Soviet Government in Russia.

In Russia proper, not counting some of the affiliated

republics, it is estimated that in the current year the hospitals

lack 18,000 doctors, and the schools more than 25,000 teachers.

Also, it is reported that there are not enough librarians, economists, bookkeepers, and trained workers in cooperative shops.

The main factor in this shortage, writes the Moscow corre- spondent of the London Observer, is the unwillingness of young people to enter such professions as medicine and teaching.

Industry is said to attract a disproportionately large share of the graduates of the Soviet higher schools, and the engineering schools and courses are overcrowded, while the medical and pedagogical institutions have many vacant places.

The explanation is partly that there has been so much glorifica- tion of the manual worker and of the factory that the typical Young Communist looks with disdain on the idea of entering a profession that is not directly connected with industrial pro- duction. This Moscow informant relates further that:

"This contempt and dislike for some professions is reflected in letters which Komsomolskaya Pravda, organ of the Union of

Communist Youth, has been publishing on the subject. One

correspondent of the newspaper cites as a common expression of feeling--

"What! I am a highly skilled turner. Shall I begin to teach children or to cure the sick?'

"Cases are cited when only one or two out of sixty or eighty

applications of prospective students are for places in non-indus- trial schools."'

'Buz the distaste for the teaching and medical professions, it is pointed out, is by no means purely sentimental. For instance, a skilled worker in a large factory is often better off than a doctor or a teacher as regards wages, and also as regards food supply, which is much more important than money wages under present- day Soviet conditions.

Incidentally, this writer relates that private medical practise in Russia has practically vanished, except for some of the older and better-known practitioners.

Another factor in the problem, we are told, is that the worker in Russia enjoys some privileges, as against the intellectual, in such matters as the preferential admission of his children to higher schools, and we read:

"While this discrimination has been formally abolished for some classes of brain-workers (engineers, professors, and teachers, for Instance, are supposed to send their children to the universi- ties on the same basis as manual workers), in practise the dis- crimination sometimes still exists, and there are some categories of intellectual workers which have not yet been even formally placed on the same basis as the manual workers."'

NOVEMBER 19, 1932

eta. il ARERRAAU RY "DIG EST 15

A Census Search-light on India

POPULATION INCREASE IN INDIA of 11 per cent. in ten years is, in itself, startling enough.

But it becomes vastly more so when it represents an addition of 34,000,000 persons, or only 6,000,000 less than the total number of people in France.

The population of India, now, is little less than one-fifth of the population of the entire world.

That is the outstanding fact, perhaps, of India's decennial census as revealed in ''India 1930-31," the latest annual report presented to the British Parliament in compli-

being improved, one of the most important and successful has been the development of cooperative societies, whose progress during the last two decades has been remarkable.

"The total number of members of primary societies was 4,181,904, which works out at about fifteen members per every thousand of the population. The number of members and of societies and the amount of working capital has increased with- out a check for the last twenty-three years."

Atco not more than 1 per cent. of the people in India are occupied in organized industry, nevertheless, even this small

ance with the Government of India Act of 1919.

And all this mass of humanity, we are told, lives in a country containing nearly every extreme of nature that all tropical and temperate zones between them can produce.

Another impressive revelation of the Indian census is that the tongues in use throughout the land are not only more numerous than these of Europe, but are much more varied in structure, and we read:

"The total number of living Indian vernaculars amounts to more than 200.

'""There are at least twenty distinct tongues in use throughout the country, each of which is spoken by over 1,000,000 people, and twelve of them, namely Hindu- stani, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Kanarese, Oriya, Gujarati, Burmese, and Malayalan are each used by more than 7,000,000 people.

'"The area covered by the general census amounted to about 1,800,000 square miles and its population was returned as 353,000,000, as against 319,000,000 in 1921. The density of population for the whole area worked out at 196 per square mile, as against 177 ten years previously."

See in all India, it is surprizing to note, there are only thirty-five towns which contain 100,000 persons or more. Almost 90 per cent. of the population is purely rural, whereas the corresponding figure for a country such as England does not exceed 21 per cent.

The villages of India number at least 500,060, which are usually mere clusters of tiny mud huts, microscopi¢e in scale when compared with the immense background of plain or forest or mountain against which they are set. As to the landed property of the Indians, it is related that:

vasion.

'In the south and east of India the average holding is about five acres, and elsewhere not more than half the holdings exceed even this small limit.

"There are innumerable cultivators whose total holdings amount to one acre or less, and even these tiny areas are often split up into a number of disconnected fragments.

''Not infrequently some of the component parts are so small that the owner can not cultivate them without trespassing on his neighbors' land.

'Generally speaking, it would be true to say that the whole structure of traditional Indian society tends to discourage both the habit of mind and the method of life upon which the suc- cessful pursuit of economic prosperity depends.

"There is no question that the material condition of the Indian masses is deplorable. However prudent and thrifty an Indian smallholder may be, he has, as a rule, the utmost difficulty in keeping out of debt, since the resources on which he can fall back are so meager.

"The work of the Government in meeting these conditions is unending. What research can do is applied to the productivity of the fields.

"What mechanical inventions can do is offered in the reaping of the harvest. What cooperative finance can do is applied to the economic circumstances of the farmer.

"Of the various means whereby the circumstances of the poorer classes of the population, particularly in rural India, are

From Risley's ''The People of India''

ey

INDIA

ETHNOLOGY

Scale of Miles

0 100 200 300

\ AN X\ \s" -- \\ ANN

\\

AN \\

AW

SL

SS SEV S ZOE SSS

SERS SSS SSS SS

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COPYRIGHT. RAND MSNALLY & COMPANY

India, a Great Ethnographical Museum

Invaders after invaders settled in the past in the subcontinent of India. In some cases they maintained the purity of their race, intermarried freely with the people who often had preceded them in in- Seven different ethnological types exist in India, as shown in the above map.

in others, they

Out of it all comes conflict of race, creed, and caste.

percentage of the country's tremendous population represents a substantial number of persons.

The census shows that there are approximately twenty million inhabitants who might ultimately be described as industrial workers. This fact entitles India to be listed by the International Labor Organization as one of the eight most important industrial States in the world and to claim a seat on its governing body.

A VERY serious obstacle to India's development, however, is said to be the fact that 229 out of the 247 million inhabitants of British India are illiterate. Nevertheless, the census shows that:

"The improvement which has recently been taking place throughout the country both in the demand for education and in the provision of it has unquestionably been very substantial, and no aspect of the problem is more interesting than the awakening among Indian women of a demand for intellectual enlightenment.

"Bemale education in- primary schools has already, considering the circumstances, attained impressive dimensions, and the number of women undergoing instruction in secondary schools and in villages is steadily increasing.

"Tn 1929-30 the number of recognized institutions for edu- eating girls rose by 1,171 to 32,910, and their enrolment increased by 80,483 to 1,389,241; 817,284 girls, moreover, were under instruction in boys' schools, and the total number of girl pupils in recognized institutions was thus over 2,000,000.

'In the schools of India there are close on 13,000,000 pupils, and the total expenditure on education amounts to over Rs. 27 erores."'

16 ToHE | Sa EeReAPR Sg

DIGEST "NOVEMBER 19, 1932

Trouble Flaming in the Balkans

HE POSSIBILITIES OF TROUBLE in the Balkans are so ominous that certain editors are alarmed. Hard times and popular discontent with governments are not conducive to enduring peace, we are told. But altho the situation there is fraught with so much menace to the entire continent, not much attention has been given to it. Yet the complications there are held to involve a threat to peace and order more immediate than those implied in Ger- many's demand for equal status in armament or in the aggressive policy of Japan. Particular concern over the situation is exprest by the Man- chester Guardian, which reminds us that the world depression

The Great Question in Jugo-Slavia

--'''I| Travaso"'

(Rome).

and the growth of trade restrictions have hit the agrarian debtor countries of the Danube and the Balkans with extraordinary _ violence.

Incrrasine budget deficits have forced successive governments into default on foreign obligations and led to savage cuts in salaries and pensions, and this newspaper goes on to say:

"Here dwell a hundred million peasants burdened with enormous debts at interest rates which were agreed when agri- cultural produce could be sold at twice to thrice its ruling price to-day. :

"It was inevitable that their discontent, combined with that of State employees, with salaries and pensions often quarters in arrear, should sooner or later take political form. The recent sensational happenings in Danubia and the Balkans have passed comparatively unnoticed, because the interest of the Western reader is concentrated on Geneva and Manchuria.

"That does not make them any less significant or threatening.

"Municipal elections in Sofia have given the Communists a relative majority of votes and a downright majority of seats.

"The growth of peasant discontent in Hungary has driven the most reactionary governing clique in Hurope to turn to General Goémbés, a semi-Fascist with a violently Nationalist program of reforms.

"The general election in Greece has brought the Populists, or crypto-Monarchists, of Mr. Tsaldaris into the foreground of a struggle for power with the supporters of the Premier, Mr. Venizelos.

"The recent treason trial at Tirana has shown the world that

the Albanian régime, with its disguised Italian protectorate, is threatened with collapse."

Bor most dangerous of all, in The Guardian's judgment, are the disorders in the kingdom of Jugo-Slavia, which even a rigid censorship has not succeeded in concealing.

The economic troubles common to her fellows in Eastern Europe, we are told, have been made worse in J ugo-Slavia by the worst of post-war harvests. They have brought the political ferment of the kingdom to the boiling-point, and further--

""Mhe dominant Serb minority in Jugo-Slavia has never sought to conciliate the Croats and Slovenes, to whom it is united by language but not by bonds of common culture or religion. The Croats and Slovenes, who welcomed peace treaties which de- livered them from Magyar rule, have found the Serbs no _ better.

'"'Their national resistance took a Parliamentary form under the volatile Stephan. Raditch and his successors. But with the establishment of a dictatorship and the redrawing of administra- tive frontiers across the old historic lines their agitation was driven underground, while the attempts to Serbise them from Belgrade became more brutal and consistent.

"The puppet Parliament which King Alexander has created contains no representatives of the non-Serb minorities; non- Serbs are systematically excluded from posts as teachers, officers, or officials among their countrymen.

"The Croats have a long tradition as excellent soldiers; they look upon the culture which they have derived from Rome and from the West as much superior to the Orthodox and Byzantine inheritance of Serbia."

Se it is no wonder, The Guardian assures us, that the Croats should at last be rising in regular armed rebellion against the tyranny of gendarmes and comitadjis from Belgrade. What is more, this daily avers that ''organized revolution" is not too strong a word for the disturbances facing King Alexander's government in several districts of Croatia and Slovenia.

These uniformed insurgents call themselves ''Ustasi,'' it appears, and are well equipped with rifles and machine-guns. They publish and distribute a newspaper which all the efforts of the Serbs have not succeeded in suppressing, and we read:

"The limestone tangle of wooded hills that rises about the Lika and along the Dalmatian coast is excellently adapted for guerrilla warfare. The Serbs dare not rely upon the troops al- ready quartered in Croatia; they have imported a strong force of soldiers, backed by some 1,400 extra gendarmes and comitadjis, who have proved their worth in ' pacifying' Macedonia.

"But Macedonian terrorism is a difficult game to play among the Croats, whose numbers are immensely greater than those of the Bulgar "dissidents." The Belgrade Government has against it the vast majority of the peasant population.

"It may be true, as it asserts, that the official Croat Peasant party, under the leadership of Dr. Matchek, has not yet taken an active part in the disorders; but the insurgents certainly possess the sympathies of most of the inhabitants."

Of course, The Guardian admits, the Government may win out in a way through crushing superiority of foree. But force is no solution for the problem, it declares. Furthermore, this news- paper predicts that unless the Government of Belgrade changes its entire demeanor toward the populations of Croatia and Slovenia, it can not ''hope to stem the growing tide of disaffec- tion." Then the suggestion is made that:

"A Federal solution, with extensive local powers of autonomy, might make the framework of a durable Jugo-Slavia. Any at- tempt to maintain the present system is condemned to failure.

"The governments which helped to frame the peace treaties can not remain indifferent while a powder magazine is smolder- ing under their very noses. It is not thus explosions are pre- vented. They must recognize responsibility for the creation of a stable Jugo-Slavia. Collapse in Jugo-Slavia would mean an overwhelming temptation to the neighboring Powers to intervene: it might easily precipitate a war in Kurope."

No Bricks for Irish Players This

HE DUBLIN ABBEY PLAYERS have long memories.

Tho the personnel of the company has changed much

since that night of their season before the war when

the police were almost as active in the audience as the actors on the stage, they carry the tradition of that cold welcome.

"Trish Puaysrs, Fearing Bricxs, ARB GREETED Wito B'way's Lovp aAwnpd Kossrs," runs Burns Mantle's caption to his aecount of their present appear- ance at the Martin Beck Theater.

It's true last season ''they toured the country, where friends are friends and dramatic critics are open-minded,' he says. Now they are settled into these "ruthless precincts,' and are surprized and delighted ''to find a welcome here as warm and hearty as any they had received any place."

They come with famous re- pertory, including ''The Playboy of the

their

Western World" and '"'Juno and the Payeock," and bring George Shiels's

"The New Gossoon,'' which is ''the Free State's contribution to the problem of the younger and more disturbing gen- eration."

A LIVELY account of Shiels's comedy is given by John Mason Brown in the New York Evening Post. He also adds some grateful contrasts between the methods of this company and our own stage:

"The young people of whom George Shiels writes are simple country folk. Accordingly, they do not horrify their elders in the more traditional ways.

"But they are none the less the prod- ucts of their time. They tune in on the radio, prefer dancing to farming, and are sick and tired of the lectures they must hear.

"One of them--indeed the hero of Mr. Shiels's exuberant comedy--is a youngster (or, as I am told, a 'gossoon,' tho my Irish may be failing me), who finds his greatest pleasure in dressing up in the 'harness' of a transatlantic flyer and dashing up and down the countryside on a motor-cycle with a young lady riding on the seat behind him, holding on to him for dear life.

"How this lying, thieving, but somehow likable brat, who is slated by the terms of his father's will to come into possession of his mother's farm within a few days, is finally got in hand; how he becomes engaged to the daughter of a raseally old poacher; and how his mother is at last persuaded to consider marrying the farm-hand with whom she has been in love for the twenty years of her widowhood, is the burden of Mr. Shiels's story.

'""What matters much more than these casual incidents is, of course, Mr. Shiels's treatment of them. He has that happy in- formality of style, which is not only one of the most typical but also one of the most ingratiating qualities in Irish dramaturgy.

''He knows the people with whom he deals. He is aware of their frailties as well as their virtues, and he delights in exposing them both. His eye for character is merciless but merry.

'Being a good Irishman, he is a master of rhetoric. The dialog he has written for 'The New Gossoon' is full of fine tempestuous talk. Its frequent fights are not mean disagree- ments such as our playwrights so often record, but mighty exer- cises in virtuosity.

'""Tts no less abundant lies are not trivial fibs such as unimagi- native people might tell, but thumb-nail epics of a kind that only poets could invent.

"It's a terrible thing to be tied to a woman that's always grousin'.

Mr. Shiels's comedy abounds in image®*ol such a vivid and hilarious sort that it puts to shame the wizened speech so common in our playhouses.

'Hach and every one of his characters have thrushes in their throats (to employ a phrase that Mrs. Patrick Campbell once applied to Shaw). When they open their mouths it is to speak--

"Joxer's'" Philosophy of Life

| don't know how

you stick it. It would put years on me."

Barry Fitzgerald (Joxer) ; F. J. McCormick (Captain Boyle) in "Juno and the Paycock."

naturally and well--a cadenced prose that is quickening to the senses and fatal to the risibilities."

Ir is not accidental, of course, that the coming of the Irish players coincides with the visit of the poet W. B. Yeats, after a twelve years' absence.

Mr. Yeats will lecture hereabouts, and he also appeared on the stage in a non-professional capacity after the Abbey people had performed his new one-act play, ''The Words Upon the Window Pane."

Again we draw upon Mr. Brown, who introduces Mr. Yeats and heaves half a brick at his play:

"He stept upon the stage, a distinguished, gray-haired man, and eyed the crowded auditorium in a startled, half-frightened manner. The applause increased, because, after all, it was Mr. Yeats himself and not his play the audience was doing homage to.

"As one of the greater figures in the theater of his day, as a co- founder of the famous Dublin company which had just performed his one-act, as a poet, a dramatist, an inspiration in Ireland's literary renaissance, and a stimulating theorist on the theater, his appearance was a natural signal for enthusiasm.

"He held up his left hand, and won silence. Having won it, he spoke. His words of explanation were sadly needed. He east a light upon a darkness of his own creation.

"Tf only he had made his speech before his play, instead of after it, his meaning in 'The Words Upon the Window Pane'

17

18 THE LITERARY: DIGEST

might have been clearer. But his one-act would, I suspect, not have been improved." In afew words Richard Lockridge enlightens us as to this piece:

'"'Only by stretching a point can it be called a play at all, even a one-act play. With no end of explanatory passages, it sets a group of spiritists in a lodging-house room in Dublin and estab- lishes that the room was once frequented by Jonathan Swift and the two ladies of his fancy, one of whom--Stella--left scratched on the window-pane a few lines from one of her verses.

"The medium then goes into a trance and, while the rest sit in the simulation of intense interest, becomes the channel through which Swift and the two ladies speak, to no great pur- pose. The net result is rather like a Ruth Draper monolog, with Miss Draper left out and part of the audience on the stage."

The Yeats play is satisfied with one per- formance, but the others, particularly ''The Playboy of the Western World," master- piece of the late John M. Synge, draw large and delighted houses.

George J. Nathan, caustic critic of Judge (New York), after administering knocks to a dozen and more current attractions, ends up with this:

"The Abbey Theatre Company in a repertoire of modern Irish plays and--good news at last--something I can recommend

to you to keep you out of even your favorite speak-easy."'

Caruso Comes Back

EVENTEEN YEARS AGO Caruso recorded the '' Vesti la giubba"' from '*Pagliacci."'

It is, perhaps, the best known and possi- bly the greatest of all his recordings, but the record, judged by to-day's standards, is only a feeble miniature of that mighty voice. Yet--

"He sang with all the intensity of his warm and vital personality; he sang, forgetting the grotesque horn that faced him; for- getting the fantastic musical instruments that surrounded him; forgetting all but this poor clown, this tragicomic figure, this bewildered Canio with whom all the world has laughed and wept. And Caruso made the song as deathless as he is, himself."

Copyright by International

Now the Victor Company have brought back these beauties by the electrical recording methods after what seems like a miracle of mechanical achievement.

The press tells the story:

"A group of about twenty hand-picked musicians, mostly from the ranks of Leopold Stokowski's famous Philadelphia Orchestra, were assembled by Nathaniel Shilkret in the Victor recording studios, at Camden. There, a special pressing made from the original molds of the Caruso records was played several times to the musicians to familiarize them as much as possible with the Caruso interpretation. Afterward, the orchestra was painstakingly rehearsed again and again for nerve-racking hours as experimental recordings were made, until their efforts were rewarded.

"Then the stage was cleared for the actual recording. The special pressing, which had drained every possible nuance and shading from the sound tracks of the original mold, was adjusted in the recording control-room so that the music from it would feed directly into a special amplifier and recording apparatus, to which ear-phones with a long cord were attached.

"With the ear-phones clamped to his head and theinspiration of Caruso's golden voice permeating him, Shilkret guided his men through the intricate orchestral accompaniments made more difficult by Caruso's own interpretation of the music.

"The men, fascinated by the epochal work which they were doing, and deeply moved by the knowledge that they were

Poet, Playwright, and Lecturer W. B. Yeats, Says

"Irish don't read much except Homer, Shakespeare, and Dante.'

NOVEMBER "195 I96a

permitted to accompany a voice, the greatest voice, whose owner was eleven years dead, were spurred to their greatest effort. And the new music, through the necromancy of modern electrical recording, was recorded directly with the Caruso voice riding over the feeble, tinny orchestral accompaniment that had marred the original.'

Who Save Our Orchestras

OT EVERY ONE KNOWS THE COST of a great orchestra like the Philharmonic Symphony, the Phila- delphia, or the Boston Symphony. ,

But they go on their way in spite of the depression.

In past seasons all seats were filled, and many sought admission in vain, yet in the summing up of a season one frequently read of deficits made up by generous patrons.

Mr. Lawrence Gilman reminds us in the New York Heraid Tribune that ''insufficient recognition has been accorded those amaz- ingly unselfish philanthropists who are to- day, in the midst of unprecedented finan- cial calamities and anxieties, continuing their support of our great but exceedingly expen- sive orchestras.'"" More--

'*A symphony orchestra is always a costly thing to maintain. An orchestra such as the Philharmonic Symphony or the Philadelphia or the Boston or the Chicago, with its high- priced first players and its none too humble conductors, not only is unable to pay for itself, but must necessarily, even in boom times, confront its guarantors with enormous deficits.

"Under the present fantastic and terrify- ing conditions, the problem of maintaining an organization like the Philharmonic or the Philadelphia Orchestra, in the face of di- minished subscriptions and all-around dis- tress and stringency, is appalling to contem- plate. Yet these orchestras are proceeding on their usual course, as if the year were 1928 instead of 1932. The programs continue to offer the great works of the symphonic repertoire; the performances are as superb as they ever were; the conductors are the finest to be had.

"The public-spirited men and women who are financially responsible for these staggeringly expensive undertakings are, as is known of all, far less affluent than they once were; yet they continue uncomplainingly to stand the gaff. One can not but wonder if their unselfishness in thus enhancing the civilization of the communities they serve, their invaluable contributions to the education of the public in perceptive listening, are appre- © ciated. One has one's doubts."

The Cover

NE of the youngest of our American artists to be represented in the Metropolitan Museum of Art is Ogden M. Pleissner, who figures on this week's cover. He is a native of Brooklyn, and is twenty-eight years old. He writes us the following:

""T have been spending my summers in the Wind River Range of the Wyoming Rockies, where the picture 'Glacier Country' was painted. That motive was found just below the 'Dinwoodie Glacier' which is said to be the largest in the United States, and is reached only by pack outfit.

"TI studied at the Art Students League under George Bridg- man and Frank V. DuMond, have exhibited in the Corcoran Exhibitions, Pennsylvania Academy, Detroit Institute, and National Academy. Have been awarded several prizes at the National Arts Club. Represented in the University of Nebraska Brooklyn Museum, and Metropolitan Museum." ;

%

RELIGION AND SOCIAL SERVICE The Floggings in Florida

ARTIN TALBERT DIED EIGHT YEARS AGO to teach Florida to outlaw the lash. Arthur Maillefert died a few weeks ago to teach Florida to outlaw the harness of torture in its prison camps.

Now, it seems, some one must suffer to teach certain citizens of Jacksonville that they may not elect themselves as social and moral arbiters of the community and enforce their decisions with a flail or leather strap.

Twenty cases of flogging, five of them of women, had been reported at the time of writing this, and nine men had been indicted for the erime. What appears here is written without prej- udice to them. Twelve men sitting in open court will settle the question of their inno- cence or guilt.

The fact remains that the people of this peninsular State are much disturbed that its name should be blazoned so frequently across the front pages as the scene of murderous violence.

One of the victims of the floggers told the police, we read in the Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, that he had to lie on his face for a week afterwards. He said the mob informed him he was not taking the proper eare of his family. Some told of being flogged ''because they sold liquor, ran dis- orderly houses, or were not supporting their family, and in one case a woman was beaten because she was charged with living in a Negro section."

Two women reported they were taken into some woods, beaten with leather straps, and left there.

JLasr it be suspected of complicity in the deeds of these knight-errants--''self-ap- pointed guardians of the public morals," the police call them--the Ku Klux Klan inserts an advertisement in Jacksonville newspapers over the signature of George J. Garcia, grand dragon, saying it is in no way connected with them. It is a new jahad.

Many of the victims kept silent until the two women made complaint, and then it developed that the floggings had been in- flicted at the rate of one a week. Mayor John T. Alsop, Jr., took the matter in hand, and investigation was begun by Police Chief A. J. Roberts and Sheriff W. B. Cahoon.

"The authorities are apparently as alarmed over the sensa- tional developments as the general populace,' comments the Jacksonville Journal. ''Meanwhile, and incidentally, Jackson- ville is getting a lot more of very bad publicity throughout the land." That isa sore point with the Miami News, too.

"These instances of mob violence, coming a few days after the Maillefert trial," says The News, ''complete in the minds of many Northerners a picture of pig-headed, passion-ruled wielders of the lash they are prone to associate with the South. How unfair this picture is, the more enlightened Northerners will admit without protest," it is observed, ''but the ugly exaggera- tion will persist in provincial minds so long as these outbreaks

Wide World

ville, Florida,

oceur." Other Southern papers blush for Jacksonville and its appar- ently tardy efforts to bring the criminals to bay. To the

Galveston Tribune--

After the Floggers

Mayor John T. Alsop, Jr., of Jackson-

where twenty people

have been beaten by '"'self-appointed guardians of the public morals."

"The pity of such sporadic attempts at privately admin- istered punishment for fancied sins is that most of those who attempt it are moved with the idea that they are righting wrongs. They turn themselves into sneaks and cowards and lawbreakers, committing sins greater than the ones they are trying to punish. And they will tell you that it is all done in the name of righteousness.

"That is, at first they will claim the right as their cause, but inevitably the course they take leads them into the ways and the attitude of enemies of justice and the law.

"The only way to deal with such movements--and from time to time we will have to deal with them in this country--is to treat the leaders as dangerous criminals, to leave nothing undone in breaking up such mobs and sending the members to jail, and in maintaining a stern and effective front against all gangs operat- ing outside the law."'

"Ter is like being projected back to the dear old days of 1924 to read of these doings-- to the days when the Invisible Empire was actively engaged in making the South safe for 100 per cent. native, white Protestant Americanism," says the Norfolk Virginian- Pilot, whose crusade against lynching won its editor a Pulitzer Prize a few years ago.

"But the order that was the agent of this patriotic jahad in the middle of the last decade washes its hands of this revival of the old japery. An advertisement in a Jacksonville paper, signed by the grand dragon of the Ku Klux Klan, proclaims that that organization is 'in no way responsible for the recent epidemic of whippings or floggings that have occurred in this vicinity,' and pledges the authorities the Klan's co- operation in the work of apprehending the culprits. :

"That is the right spirit. Having itself done its full part in inventing and popular- izing the night-riding technique, the Klan, now that it has seen the error of its ways, is under a peculiar obligation to employ its special knowledge of the fauna who go in for these sadistic exercises, to help the police in running them down and bringing them to judgment.

"Masked or unmasked, organized or free- lance, the perpetrators of the new terror in Florida are outlaws who belong behind the bars."'

Equally aroused over the ''pious pastime" of flogging men and women is the New Orleans Item.

"Tt is a disgraceful reflection on that part of the world, in the twentieth century after Christ, that such savagery should be recorded," says The Item. ''The cowardly savages,'' it asserts, "have gone gaily on in their savagery until the evil advertising that Florida has received from it has touched Florida's pocket- book nerve."

Joining in the denunciatory chorus, the Tampa Tribune de- ° clares that ''not a word can be said in defense of the cowardly criminals who, to gratify their sadistic depravity, perpetrated these outrages upon defenseless victims."

A sharp thrust comes from the Columbus Ohzo State Journal. "Tt was hoped," it says, '"'that the dim flicker of civilization had penetrated all parts of the country, and that the last of this barbaric practise had been seen. The hope seems to have been premature. This special brand of terrorism by prowling night gangs is thriving in the great State of Florida, the State which, it will be recalled, feared it would be contaminated by the

presence of Al Capone." j 19

20 THE LI RERAR Y SOaiG Esk

The End of a Cathedral

HOWS WILL SOON TAKE THE PLACE of sermons in the great cathedral of St. Isaac in Leningrad.

Once one of the most fashionable and luxurious of all

Russian churches, it is to be a playhouse for the irreligious,

and its first production will be ''The Cathedral of St. Isaac," a

satire on the life of the saint after whom the basilica is named.

The announcement of the change is made by Pravda. It will

be the first time in Soviet history, we are told, that a church has been converted into an atheist theater.

The great cathedral was designed by a French. architect,

From **Seeing Russia''

To Be a Playhouse for the Irreligious

The Cathedral of St. Isaac, in Leningrad, once one of the most fashionable of all Its first offering

Russian churches, is to be converted into an atheist theater. will be a satire on its patron saint.

Richard de Montferrand, and was finished in 1858, after thirty- nine years of labor, Ralph W. Barnes, Moscow correspondent, tells us in the New York Herald Tribune. Built in the shape of a huge cross, and crowned by an enormous gilded dome 330 feet high, it is made chiefly of Finnish red granite and marble. The main entrances form four porticos, modeled on the Pantheon at Rome. 7

The church cost $12,000,000, and is famous both for its rich interior decorations and for its impressive facade.

A large number of churches have been transformed into libraries, hospitals, warehouses, schools, garages, and museums, and the conversion of St. Isaaec's into an atheist theater, says Mr. Barnes, "'signalizes a further rapid decay of religion in thé Soviet Union."

Russia's Literary War

WO Russian literatures confront each other in deadly enmity --the literature of the authorized Bolshevist faith and the literature of Soviet life as it actually is.

The former plays on Bolshevist success,and removes God from the scene. In the latter, headed by Leonid Leonoff, writes Fred Hoentzsch in the Kélnische Zeitung, 'there is cool reserve toward the 'happiness' which the Communist rulers promise coming generations, a decided refusal to get into the tower of Bolshevist theory, the tower from the summits of which the gloomy irra- tionalism of the revolution disguises itself through the medium of a fairy-tale about the collapse of capitalism and the coming of a golden era of Communist administration."'

NOVEMBER@ 1eOoy 1 9 se2

Is Extravagance a Waste?

C6 TOP THIS INDECENCY," cries The Christian Cen- tury over the fuss and feathers of society.

The undenominational journal is especially indig-

nant over the fashionable parties given in the name of charity.

Such a waste of money by '"'simpering'"' debs when thousands haven't enough to eat!

But is it a criminal waste to spend a fortune for a coming-out party? Doesn't the money spent set some one to work? Who grew all those flowers?

Hear The Christian Century:

"The so-called social season has searcely started, but already the newspapers in large cities are printing reports of balls, costume parties, and other events held ostensibly to raise money for relief.

"No better illustration of the mental immaturity and spiritual indecency of a portion of what passes for 'society' could be found. These photographs of simpering débutantes in costly clothes and jewels, splashed across the columns of the daily press, will do more to turn bitter hearts of the unfortunate and to engender revolt than all the speeches that will be made on all the soap-boxes in the land.

"The nation is entering what is likely to prove the most sorrowful winter in its history. Reports and pictures of social parasites engaged in reckless waste of money are an insult to the decent families who, through no fault of their own, will have to scrimp and save to keep alive until spring. When this waste is committed in the name of charity, the insult is deepened.

'""A society which persists in this sort of thing demonstrates its own moral insensibility. And a press which caters to such indecency is an agent provocateur of social uprising." f

"Mow, some of this display, 'balls, costume parties, and other events,' may be in poor taste, we grant, but it is not financially all bad,'' replies the Baltimore Southern Methodist, taking its con- temporary to task. '"'If a simpering débutante wants to simper, let her simp.''? For--

"Those costly clothes she wears were made by certain dressmakers and designers who gained their living thereby; those gems mean that the clerks behind the counter of the jewelry stores were given work; some photographer got his out of the photographs; the photo-engraver and the rotogravure men got their share of her father's money-- and should be glad he is spending it.

"After all, isit waste when the rich give an expensive, glittering function? The taxi men, the caterers, the decorators, the extra servants, the whole army of social agencies set to work--and paid--to carry out one of these affairs means that money is being spent and that the wheels of life are going round. Unem- ployment by that much is stopt, and even the man who drives the florist's truck to the door ought to feel glad that he is at work.

"Suppose, on the contrary, all this money is 'saved'--that is, locked up in bank--no parties, no pictures, no 'waste'--would that not be the greater loss to life, the greater waste? We hold it so.

"To be sure, social affairs may cause envy, and may themselves be occasions of dissipation and evil, but, economically considered, we think The Christian Century has got another look coming. Its glasses are getting too red to be rosy."

A word here for the debs who are members of the Junior League, an organization of younger members of society whose chief function is to serve.

We glance through a letter of Gertrude Lewis McCall, of the Nashville League, to The Junior League Magazine (New York).

For ten years the girls of this league have been interested in curing, correcting, and restoring to health the crippled children of their community, whose families were financially unable to have them treated. Now these girls have a $100,000 home, fully equipped for that purpose. Nothing is spared to mold healthy, happy children out of those who come stricken with handicaps.

NOW EMBER 1.9

apalad 3.2

CERTAIN COMPANIES today are forging steadily ahead. Almost invariably, they are consistent users of Long Dis- tance. They find it an effective and economical way of meeting changed conditions . . . increased use of the service resulting not only in stimulated business but in lowered general costs as well.

The use of Long Distance by the Norge Corporation is typical of that made by other successful companies, large and small. "Today, more than ever, we frankly recognize the value of Long Distance,' says Howard E. Blood, President of the Company. "The savings it effects, and the results it achieves, make it one of our most profitable business tools.

"For example, one country-wide drive, which was con- ducted largely by Long Distance, resulted in the sale of five trainloads of refrigerators, valued at $1,500,000. We recently reported the eighteenth consecutive monthly in- crease in sales, and for the first half of 1932 our volume

of business was substantially the same as for the entire

OSM me eAgi ia YO UR: BE iL

Tete. lt TE R.A Ray Dal. G.E.S T. JS-pes a bese eS 2:

In one country-wide drive, Norge

Corporation sells five trainloads,

valued at $1,500,000

year of 1931. Unquestionably, this reflects our consistent use of that most expedient tool, the telephone."

Almost constant telephone contact is maintained be- tween headquarters of the company in Detroit, district managers at various points, and distributors and salesmen throughout the country. Executives cover the country in minutes, without leaving their desks. Through frequent and consistent use of Long Distance, they transact business at large savings in time and money.

Best results are obtained from the planned use of Long Distance. Let a representative of your local Bell Company

develop a complete telephone plan for your company.

TrOINGG SD ES tA N GE RAL ES AChE Ow Typical Station-to-Station Rates

From To Daytime 7:00P.M. 8:30P.M. Detroit Cleveland $ .60 $ .50 $ 35 Boston New York 1.00 85 .60 Atlanta Chicago 2.35 es) 1.30 Los Angeles Denver 3.25 2.65 1.75 St. Louis Seattle 6.50 5.25 3.75

Where the charge is 50c or more, federal tax applies

TELEPHONE BUSINESS OFFICE

24)

----------------

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Prompt Treatment of Minor Injuries

F EVERY MINOR INJURY became infected, and every infection progressed to a severe form, we would soon de- velop a wholesome respect for these minor cuts, and would

see that they got prompt attention, says Dr. Warren Lincoln Johnson, in an address before the Massachusetts Safety Council, printed in Safety Engineering (New York).

The indifference of the average worker to these minor injuries, he asserts, is responsible for a surprizingly large number of tragic

1. Electric Spark Picture

results. Indifference is due principally to mistaken ideas about infection and a lack of sufficient teaching. He goes on:

"A large proportion of workmen with infections around the foot or the ankle attribute their poisoning to the dye in their stockings. Infection is not caused by any colored dyes, but from the invasion of body tissues by bacteria.

"Once a minor wound becomes contaminated with these bacteria, the infection may easily spread, and it is difficult to say where it will stop. There are three classes of possible results:

"1. Our body-defense mechanism overcomes the invading bacteria, and after an attack of chills and fever we find the patient entirely well again.

"2. The bacteria breed so fast that they overcome the defense mechanism of our body and kill the patient.

"3. Instead of our bodies overcoming the bacteria, or the bacteria killing off our bodies, we find various stages of com- promise. A few examples of these are:

'"(a) Damage to the lining of our various joints.

'"(b) Damage to our kidneys.

""(¢) Damage to our heart muscle.

""(d) Damage to our heart valves.

'""(e) Numerous acute conditions, such as rheumatic fever, pneumonia, meningitis, pleurisy, and osteomyelitis.

""(f) Last but not least, partial destruction of the extremities-- amputated arms, amputated hands, amputated fingers; destruc- tion of motion in joints, such as those of the wrist and the fingers."'

Weer determines the ultimate outcome in any given case? If a workman ignores minor cuts twelve successive times, what determines whether or not he will get away with it the thirteenth time? In other words, once we receive a contaminated wound, what are the factors which govern the course of the subsequent infection? There are nine of these governing factors. Dr. Johnson thus enumerates them:

"1. The site. By this I mean the particular tissues which are contaminated. Certain tissues have better fighting power than others. Skin, for example, is a good fighting tissue. Bone, cartilage, and tendon are notorious for their poor fighting ability. Those tissues which have an abundant blood supply generally fight well.

"2. The type of bacteria introduced. Some are more war- like than others, and certain types might be considered rela- tively harmless.

"3. The number of bacteria introduced. Bacteria may be compared to invading bandits. A small number could be over- come easily; whereas a great number might give us considerably more trouble.

299

2. With a. Coin

"4 The virulence of the bacteria. The fighting power of bacteria varies. The very micro-organism which so often causes pneumonia, known as the pneumococcus, is often found in an inactive state in the throats of perfectly well people. The term used to designate the fighting ability of the bacteria at any one level is 'virulence.' we

"5. The amount of bruising which accompanies the original wound. Bacteria grow with greater facility in dead tissue. A wound produced by the teeth of a saw is much more liable to favor bacterial growth than a wound produced by a sharp razor blade. :

'""6. Our previous experience. Following an in- fection by any one strain of bacteria one's body develops and maintains a specific defense for some time. The course of an infection, therefore, would be favorably modified if the invading organism in any new infection turns out to be a bacterium with which the patient has formerly been acquainted.

"7. The type of first aid rendered. Asa general rule, the person administering first aid oversteps the bounds into the realm of treatment.

"8. The time elapsing between the injury and skilled surgical care. Prompt surgical treatment is naturally of great advantage in combating the in- vasion of bacteria.

"9. Our own general physical condition. A dissipated person who lacks rest and food is naturally less able to cope with an infection than a person in good general physical condition.

"Tt will be seen on studying these nine factors that we have no influence whatsoever over the first six. The last three we are able to control!

'"As safety workers, therefore, let us concentrate attention on these last three factors.

"Urge that first-aid attendants who care for your workmen are properly instructed.

"Urge that no valuable time is lost in getting skilled surgical care for your injured.

"Uree that your workmen are given regular health talks to en- courage them in maintaining the best possible physical condition."

Electric-Spark Pictures

ARIOUS forms of these may be produced with the assistance AVES comparatively simple apparatus. The only requisites are an "'influence"' electric machine or a spark-coil, and ordinary photographie plates.

Says Dr. Hans Biintgen, writing in Kosmos (Leipzig):

"The pictures are made by placing the photographie plates upon a metal base-plate and sprinkling over them a fine powder, perhaps powdered starch or lyeopodium powder.

"From a wide-necked flask, covered with a thin material (gauze), sprinkle the powder over the photograph plate as evenly as possible. Upon a small stand set up a needle, which has been stuck through a cork in such a manner that the needle-point, in a vertical position, touches the plate in the middle from above. Then connect the needle and metal base-plate with the poles of the electric battery by means of wires, which must not be too near one another, so that no spark may jump over. All prepara- tions, of course, must be made by red light.

"Now turn the machine until a spark from the needle jumps over to the border of the plate. Then remove the needle, cleanse the plate carefully from the powder and develop it in some de- veloper.

"After it has been fixt in some fixing-bath, it may be brought to the light when it reveals some pretty designs. A variety of pictures may be obtained, according to whether the needle is connected with the positive or negative pole.

"Tn illustration 1 the needle was connected with the positive pole, in illustration 2 with the negative pole of the machine. In illustration 2 a coin was placed upon the plate and the metal point was placed upon it.

"Each plate produces a different picture and, therefore, the game is extremely fascinating. Care must be taken to work by red light, to sprinkle the powder evenly upon the plate, to set up the needle so that the layer is not damaged, and to removeall of the powder from the plate before developing." ;

1 Ne t-

NOVEMBER

OF 2 4932

Tse Cl YER Age (LG EST

Go through this

3-Act Play

AND FIND THE MOUTH-HAPPY ENDING!

ACT 1 Scene: Your Office... Time: Monday.

You light a Spud. It's your first. The menthol coolness is a slight shock. You decide to see it through ... for the pleasure at the end of the play.

MENTHOL-COOLED CIGARETTES

ACT2 Scene: Your Home... Tre: Thursday.

You've smoked quite a few Spuds since Act 1. The menthol taste is gone. Its effect (moist-cool, clean taste) remains. Your tobacco taste is keener.

SPU

13

ACTS

Scene: A Party... Time: Saturday. Cigarette after cigarette... but you are smoking Spuds, so your pleasure is un- alloyed. Fine flavor, clean taste. Curtain falls on the mouth-happy ending.

- 20 FOR 20c

(25c IN CANADA) * THE AXTON-FISHER TOBACCO CO., INC., LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY

Z2

24 THE! bil RERAVRIY! (DERGES Tt

Food for Intellectuals

LL WHO ARE CEREBRALLY FATIGUED, intel- lectually overworked, mentally used up; all who are suffering from toxic effects or from autointoxication,

are aided by vegetable stews--carrots, potatoes, peas, cooked

salads. Such persons might even try boiled milk, two small

drinks a day.

This is the opinion of a French authority, Doctor Pion, writing in Democratie pacifique (Paris).

His theory is that the liver, the intestines, and the kidneys of the intellectually strained will thus be "'washed." In two or three days, he says, a vegetarian regimen quickly improves the condition of such eases.

Inadequacies of the will, of the memory, and of the other mental faculties diminish in a few weeks--provided, that is,

the malady be recent. He writes:

"When one has attained the age of forty, it becomes essential to diminish decidedly the intake of albuminoids, to proportion them to the muscular labor performed, to various contingencies, to body-build, to climate, to seasons, to the state of the several organs.

'Intellectuals who have passed the age of forty should follow in general a dietary suitable to nerve patients whose sufferings come from inflamed conditions, neuroarthritics, and sufferers from inflamed joints, to say nothing of victims of 'depressions' of the sort which discourage the most intense workers and. diminish their greatest ambitions, causing them to feel less and less delight in their supreme satisfaction--work and more work.

'Prof. Armand Gautier suggests a ration for an 'intellectual' of moderate weight and average physique who exercises little with his muscles, and who wishes to avoid inadequate nutrition, neurasthenia, obesity, gout, liver complaint, eczema, arterio- sclerosis, and the like. Here it is--

'*Albuminoids: about 328 calories daily.

"Wats: 460 calories daily.

'"Carbohydrates: 1,450 calories daily.

"Total: 2,238 calories.

"To this may be added fruits as well as herbaceous vegetables, until the total of 2,400 calories is reached.

""This will suffice generally for the man who takes no physical exercise, who lives in a warmed room, who is losing no flesh, and who lives all summer in temperate climes."

Lie Detectors That Don't Work

OME WORK AND SOME DO NOT, according to a writer in Current Science (Columbus, Ohio). He describes several, some chemical and some mechan- ical; the latter are familiar to readers of Tur Dicxst, and are omitted here. First, he remarks:

"Tt is really easier to tell the truth than it is to tell a lie. To tell the whole truth one needs only a good memory and a clear con- science; to tell a lie that will stand for even a short while against the methods of check and double-check one must be quite clever, highly intellectual, and keenly alert.

"Tt is in the attempt to prove that such persons are making false statements that the 'lie detectors' have been invented."

At least three medicines have been called truth drugs by experimenters. Scopolamin is an anesthetic, or sleep producer. It has been used in small amounts to put a person in a drowsy state, in which he is able to hear and understand questions. The theory is that he is too sleepy to devise any but truthful answers. Another drug, hyoseyamin, is even more powerful in its action and the length of the drowsy period it will produce. But these

are somewhat untrustworthy. Says the writer:

"The difficulty with 'truth drugs' is that the suspected persons will confess to almost anything that is suggested to them. They respond to 'leading questions' too well. 'You stole a hen out of Mr. Smith's coop, didn't you?' is almost sure to be answered by a sleepy 'Yes, I stole the hen.' To a direct question, 'Where were you last night?' the drowsy one might say, 'Out in town,' then follow the question, 'You were not at home in bed?' by 'Yes, ho-o-o-me in. he-e-e-d.' When the effects of the drug wear off the suspect may have no recollection of the questions, and deny every answer.

[eed 2

N'OV_ EM BER

"Another drug, sodium am-y-tal, has a different effect, causing the person to whom it is administered to feel strong, confident, friendly toward everybody, and willing to answer any question no matter how personal.

'In this condition, however, one is inclined to boast of crimes he did not commit, and is hardly a reliable witness either for or against himself."

Warm the Soil, Hurry the Plant

LANTS can be fooled into thinking it is spring if the soil is heated.

They hurry their growth and mature far ahead of time.

Then the market gardener rushes them to an early market and

realizes a faney price. We are told in Nature (London) how it is done in England:

'"'The soil is heated by means of a 'thermal' cable buried in the soil and carrying at certain times of the day electric current. British and continental firms are now manufacturing this kind of cable, and an electrical contractor will install it.

Photographs demonstrate how much more rapidly a cucumber will grow in an electrical hotbed than in an ordinary frame. It is pointed out that Norwegian and Swedish market gardeners and farmers produce lettuce and other market plants at out-of- season periods by this method. It is also useful in growing cantaloup melons and other expensive fruits at times when they are very dear. It is suggested that the electrical heating of the soil may prove useful for the growing of mushrooms, and would be a pleasanter method than the one ordinarily used. Experi- ments with this end in view could easily be carried on in a cup- board or a cellar."

Few Eyes Really Blue

LUE eyes, even the delft blue eyes of Holland, are seldom

all blue, says Science News Letter, a Science Service pub-

lication (Washington). Asa rule they contain at least a touch of

yellow, and this color combination is a hereditary affair. We read:

"At the meeting in Ithaca of the International Congress of Genetics, Dr. G. P. Frets, of the Mental Hospital at Poortugaal, Holland, told of his search for really pure blue eyes and the ex- treme rarity he discovered to exist, even in a country running as strongly to blonds as his native land. Almost all the supposedly blue eyes he examined had more or less yellow pigment in them, usually in the central rim of the iris.

"The question arose in his mind whether even eyes that have no detectable yellow in them are not simply 'the extreme minus variation' of originally yellow-overlaid eyes, just as a yellow tulip is basically a red-and-yellow one with almost all the red elimi- nated.

"But he did find some eyes that are 'racially blue'--all blue, with no yellow traceable in their ancestry and none discoverable in their descendants. Such really blue eyes, however, are rarer than flawless emeralds."

Window-Glass Set in Rubber

NDIA rubber as a substitute for putty in setting glass has been successfully tried in a down-town New York bank building, we are told in Buildings and Building Maintenance (New York). It was found that in dismantling steel-and-glass movable par- titions it was often very difficult to remove the glass without breaking it. As we are told:

"Tt was quite easy to pull down the partition itself but, if the partition had been in place for a few years, the putty around the glass was found to be so hard that considerable patience was required to remove the glass intact.

"Casting about for means of avoiding this trouble, the manager, O. W. Ten Eyck, found that it is not necessary to use any putty. Instead of putty he now uses a rubber U-strip, the pane of glass being simply set into the groove in the strip and the two forced into the partition frame. It is possible to buy a standard rubber strip of just the right size to keep the glass from vibrating and the joint water-tight.

"Now all partitions are assembled without any putty,*and they can be dismantled without fear of glass breakage, and: with a considerable saving in time.'

NOVEMBER 19,

IeOpse2:

TELE TER Akay: Dd GEST ; 25

"Daddy, are we going to the moon?"

Here is a father taking his small daughter to the topmost point of the tallest city building. Here to her is Arabian Nights and Alice in Wonderland and all the other childhood favorites in one grand thrilling experience. Here is a ride on a real magic carpet --a trip into the air without wings --a flight to sky in a modern vertical conveyance. . ° ° There are many things of great interest in the fine Otis elevator of today. When you push the hallway button, you are ordering your car. The mechanical memory of Otis signal control will send it to you with- out fail. Its doors open and close of their own accord and quite without commotion. It will start off smoothly and accelerate quickly. It will slow down gradually and level itself at your floor. The modern elevator handles itself so easily, you are hardly aware of its starts and stops, its upward and downward motion,

The modern elevator -- this does not necessarily mean new. For the engineers of Otis Elevator Company have adapted many of their recent elevator improve- ments to elevators already in use. And today, under the Otis Modernization Plan, these older elevators can be quite easily modernized. They can often be made

good as new at a nominal cost to owner.

You are entitled to the best in vertical transporta- tion in the building where you live or work. If you do not have it, speak to the owner about this Otis Modernization Plan. Otis engineers will be glad to survey his building and submit a complete report tell- ing what is needed for modernization. This service is

free. Suggest that he telephone the local Otis office.

QO Tl G ELEVATOR

COMPANY

PERSONAL

GLIMPSES

The Queen of Troublesome Creek

OURTEEN SPECIAL DEPUTY CORONERS were appointed to attend that election, ostensibly as "'peace officers."

The man who appointed them, Coroner Sam Carpenter, was a Republican. The Democrats were restive, and party feeling was running high in Clayhole Precinct, Breathitt County, Kentucky.

Some of the survivors of that day's slaughter, eleven years ago, are still playing parts in mountain politics, notably the heroine of this story, Mrs. Stella Combs.

The '"'Queen of Barge,'' men call her, and the title under her picture in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday Maga- zine explains that she '"'keeps the Troublesome Creek sec- tion's Democratic majority in line."

Under a Jackson, Kentucky, date-line, F. A. Bahymer, of the Post-Dispatch staff, chants the epic of this quick-shooting Queen. He begins by reciting that Queen Stella, ''after ten years' reign on the waters of Troublesome, has moved to Shuckybean."" But Trouble- some is still her realm, he reas- sures us, and we gather that her majesty may still be counted upon to play a royal part when ballots or bullets are needed at Clayhole votin' house. Indeed, we are told of a test this fall, which she met ''in her own queenly way." Thus:

It was before the school election that she moved from the mouth of Barge to the banks of Shuckybean, which flows into the north fork of the Kentucky River at the edge of Jackson, and is far from Troublesome. Word came to her, down on Shuckybean, that they were saying along Trouble- some it wouldn't be healthy for her to return for the school elec- tion. So she tucked her Luger in her blouse and went.

Any mountain election, even if it is only a school election, generates a lot of heat. George Kraft, Wils Noble, and Sam Whitaker were running against Cecil Noble, French Combs, and Delilah Centers. The Queen, for reasons that she considered valid, was for the Kraft ticket.

Love Centers, Delilah's husband, for obvious reasons, was pulling for his wife's side. The voting, at Barge Bridge school- house, proceeded peacefully, albeit not without portents of trouble. It came when Love Centers got into an argument with Ed Hollins and drew a knife to punctuate his point of view. The Queen, as she explains now, wasn't goin' to see him do it. She flipped her gun from her blouse. Blake Centers, deputy sheriff, was watching for something like that. He grabbed the weapon and tilted the barrel upward.

"Loosen it, Stell,'' he commanded, and with his other hand clutching her wrist, she had to loosen it and Blake kept it a while, returning it when the day's work was done.

In passing, it may be mentioned that the Queen's ticket, as usual, won. It may have been coincidence that a few nights later the schoolhouse burned.

But for the dexterous hand of Blake Centers there might have been, that day, another Clayhole votin' house battle such as made the waters of Troublesome run red with men's blood another election day.

By courtesy of the St. Louis Sunday Post-Dispatch

Meaning the one eleven years ago, with fourteen 'deputy

26

"There Was Peace, of a Kind, Along Troublesome After That"

coroners" in action, ''which battle marked the beginning of Stella Combs's reign. When the smoke cleared four men were dead and seventeen were grievously wounded." We read on:

Clayhole Precinct lies on both banks of Troublesome, embracing the minor creeks that compose ''the waters of Troublesome''-- Fugate's Fork, Caney Creek, Miller's Branch, Russell's Branch, Clayhole Creek, Riley Creek, and Barge Branch. Near its center is the Combs settlement. On the east bank of Troublesome, just above the mouth of Riley, is the old Combs homestead, where lived Mrs. America Combs, patriarch of the clan, known all along Troublesome as '' Aunt Min,'' where Combses have lived since Harry Combs, more than 200 years ago, trek- king from Old Virginia, saw something that satisfied in the Valley of Troublesome, and made there his new home in a new land.

Over there in Clayhole Pre- einct the Combses and their intermarried kin, Democrats all and always, from time out of mind had dominated the politics of the region. Before the Clayhole votin'-house battle five of them were out- standing leaders, Leslie, Cleve- land, and Asbury, sons of "Aunt Min," and Shade and French Combs, cousins of the three. The precinct was over- whelmingly Democratic, but at the primary before the November election there had been a split among the Demo- . erats. So, when election day approached it was suspected that some of the Democrats would vote with the Republi- cans, and feeling ran high.

The night before election the fourteen deputy coroners stayed at Will Barnett's on Riley. Democrats, foregather- ing, rode down the creek and fired their pistols in presump- tive defiance of any deputy coroners who might be about. On the way they picked up a "banjer-picker,'' and paid him sixty cents to go along to Clarence Landrum's at the mouth of Barge and make music suited to their mood and prepare their spirits for what the next day might bring forth.

Before the next day's rising sun had topped the eastern ridge, they began gathering at Clayhole's votin' house, slab-sided shanty, on a sloping treeless shelf on the east bank of Trouble- some, "half a quarter"' above the mouth of Russell. Armed, of course, for the mountain man does not feel himself properly caparisoned for the ordinary chores of life otherwise, and this was no ordinary chore.

Long afterward, in a trial that grew out of that day's develop- ments, Harless Campbell, a participant, made a matter of record the mountain man's attitude on the subject. Cross-examination:

"Did you have a pistol?"

"Shore I had a pistol."

"What did you have the pistol for?"

"Why, I carries hit all the time, practically."

'Sleep with it on?"

"Sleep with hit under my haid."'

"So, when you got up election morning you took your pistol from under your head and put it in your pocket and went to the election, did you?"

"Why, shore."

There was an argument over the right of one of the pistol toters to vote. Somebody drew. Then everybody drew. Then:

The first shot was fired. Then everybody was firing, at first eye to eye, Democrat against Republican, then blindly through

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the smoke of battle hanging on the heavy morning air.

Women and children were rushing about, screaming. One of the women dropt her _ infant from her arms, and it was fatally injured. Mrs. America Combs saw her three sons fall.

They were the cousins of Stella Combs. She, too, saw them fall, and when the firing ceased she found two of them lying among the dead and wounded who strewed the ground. Inside the votin' house she found the third, Cleveland, and she tells how she closed his eyes. Asbury died, but Leslie recovered from his wounds.

Stella Combs helped minister that day to wounded friends and foes, helped carry the seventeen men through the shallow waters of Troublesome and place them on a push car on the narrow gage track on the far bank, to be trundled over the ridge to Quicksand and down to Quick- sand's mouth, on the way to Lexington hospitals. That night Stella Combs visited

. the widows as they sat dry-eyed, with

set faces, at their cabin fireplaces, stoie in their grief, and tried to comfort the chil- dren left fatherless by the day's dire doings at Clayhole votin' house.

Ayn that, we learn, was the beginning | of her leadership, for ''with the men of her kin dead or desperately wounded, only women were left to carry on and only she was qualified tolead. Andsothesequelruns:

The title conferred upon her was in recognition of her political leadership and her domination of the primitive social life of Barge and the other tributaries of Troublesome, near by. A man in her place would have been called the Boss of Troublesome. It was more in keeping with her picturesque character to call her Queen. She had the confidence of the Democratic leaders of the county and district and they conferred with her con- cerning the votes of Clayhole Precinct. Before elections she rode horseback up and down the creeks rallying the faithful among the Democrats, and persuading Republicans, if she could, to change their allegiance. Campaign funds were at her disposal. Children orphaned in the frequent killings were the subjects of her particular eare. She found homes for them in the large families that are the mountain rule.

There were murder trials, with Stella Combs marshaling the witnesses and giving her own clear testimony.

Most of the cases were finally dropt, "'a deeply desired consummation that

_ was helped along, more or less, by a

petition to the court signed by the thirteen indicted men, their lawyers, and many citizens, setting forth that the battle was just a little misunderstanding, among friends and neighbors, on the spur of the moment, and expressing a willingness to have all the cases dismissed, agreeing, if this were done, to let bygones be bygones and live in peace and amity ever after." Hence:

There was peace, of a kind, along Trou- blesome after that. There were killings, to be sure, from time to time, but these could be attributed to sporadic exuberance, not definitely traceable to ''the feelin'"' that had been left by the votin'-house killings. For one thing, the thirty-odd children orphaned at Clayhole were too young to visit retribution, and the passing years tended to allay hatreds.

NOVEMBER 193, 19-32 - The Search for Missing Men

COTLAND YARD has figured. out

that every day twenty-three people, on an average, disappear in the British Isles.

We hear of a retired tradesman spending six months in a search for a missing nephew, and then finding him living three doors away from his own home in a London suburb.

Equally odd cases are recorded at New York's equivalent of Scotland Yard, where Police Captain John H. Ayers pre- sides over the Missing Persons Bureau.

In "'Missing Men" (Putnam's), Captain Ayers figures as coauthor, with Carol Bird, of a collection of cases written up from his files covering many years. Some famous disappearances, like that of Justice Joseph Foree Crater, are recounted, and we learn much of the methods used in prok- ing the case of Mr. Brown or Mr. Jones,

who fails toturn up for dinner someevening,

and seemingly vanishes off the face of the earth.

"Captain Ayers has 'broken' many of the most baffling mysteries which have eonfronted the police of the world's largest city,' writes former Gov. Alfred E. Smith in a foreword, ''and his position in com- mand of the Missing Persons Bureau is unique in police history. His work has brought him wide-spread commendation from all parts of the world, and his meth- ods of dealing with missing-persons cases have been widely copied by police de- partments throughout the United States."

ob xen are chapters on Unsolved Mys- teries, amnesia cases, kidnapings, murders, suicides, faked suicides, and curious do- mestic complications.

What is the routine of the Missing Persons Bureau when the disappearance is reported of (taking an imaginary name for an imaginary case) Frank E. Bennett, investment banker? While the domestic, business; and personal implications of the ease are being carefully investigated, Captain Ayers tells us:

I direct the immediate sending out of a teletype alarm. This goes to all precincts and detective squads of the New York Police Department, to the police of other cities, and to State Troopers of adjoining States within the zone covered by our teletype system. Later Bennett's name and description are placed on the General Alarm, which is a list of all disappearances for each twenty-four hours, and which is eompiled once each day.

This list is transmitted to hospitals, morgues, public lodging-houses, branches of private, semiprivate, and public insti- tutions of shelter; in brief, to all the places to which a person might be brought in an emergency, if he met with an injury, was killed accidently or otherwise, or where he might seek refuge under stress of necessity. This General Alarm is mimeographed and distributed through departmental channels.

We have, say, five hospitals within a certain precinct. Copies of the alarm are sent to that precinct, and the officer on

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post drops in at the hospital leaving a copy at each stop.

W IrH1n the past year the method of sending out alarms has been revolution- ized, says the Captain, specifying:

A year ago we were sending alarms on missing persons to precincts and different detective groups throughout the city by means of the telephone. To-day we send them by the speedier and more accurate teletype. The teletype has recently come into general use by police departments. It is a very great improvement over all methods previously employed in dissem- inating police information.

Briefly, the method is this. Assume that New York City is the point from which a '"'general alarm" is to be sent. The "alarm" is typed on a master machine, which resembles an ordinary typewriter with this difference: it is electrically con- nected with receiving machines, not only in the police precincts of the city, but in police headquarters of many other cities as well.

These receiving machines are similar in type, roll, and shifts to the master ma- chine, except that there is no keyboard, and they are operated automatically by the electric energy released and controlled by the master machine. Each letter or symbol struck on the master machine, each shift of the carriage, is duplicated on the receiving machine. The paper em- ployed is of standard width and is fed in from large rolls.

A message transmitted in this manner is simultaneously and accurately received at as many points as are provided with properly connected reception apparatus.

Circulars play a réle in the hunt also. I arrange for one on the Bennett disap- pearance. A cut is made from his photo- graph, and this is inserted in the specially prepared circular, which gives a complete description of Bennett, and any other de- tails that may be important in identifying him. These circulars are sent to out-of- town police departments for their informa- tion, for posting, or for such other use as may be considered advisable. Sometimes we direct the commanding officers of our own Police Department to post the circulars in public places, such as railroad stations, ferry-houses, hotels.

A good photograph is important.

Often the family of the missing person does not even possess one. ''He hated to pose for a picture,'' they tell me. Some- times we are forced to pick our man fourth from the end in the sixth row of a group picture, which shows little more of him than a blurred profile or half a pompadour.

Once, tracing a missing man who later was found to be a murderer, we resorted to the use of a small glossy print which had been submitted by the man when he ap- plied for his driver's license.

This description of Joseph Force Crater, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, is offered as. giving an idea of the kind of material used ''to construct a word-picture of a man, augmenting his actual photograph"':

POLICE DEPARTMENT City or New Yorxk

MISSING SINCE AUGUST 6, 1930

HonorABLE JoserpH Forcr CRATER Justice of the Supreme Court, State of New York

Derscrietrion--Born in the United States --Age 41 years; height, 6.feet; weight, 185

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MWe VENMBERS §9:5 1932 pounds; mixed gray hair, originally dark brown, thin at top, parted in middle, se slicked down"'; complexion, medium dark, considerably tanned; brown eyes; false teeth, upper and lower jaw; good physical and mental condition at time of disappear- ance. Tip of right index finger somewhat mutilated, due to having been crusht. Wore brown sack coat and trousers, narrow green stripe, no vest; either a Panama or soft brown hat worn at rakish angle, size 65, unusual size for his height and weight. Clothes made by Vroom. Affected colored shirts, size 14 collar, probably bow tie. Wore tortoise-shell glasses for reading. Yellow gold Masonic ring, somewhat worn; may be wearing a yellow gold, square-shaped wrist-watch with leather strap.

crmevina to the hypothetical ''Ben- nett," whose story is really a composite one of many real cases, according to Cap- tain Ayers, we are not kept guessing very long. Thus:

On the third day after Bennett's disap- pearance, the detective reports that he has met, in the course of his investigation, a@ man who was said to have had certain business relations with the missing man.

From him he has learned that Bennett was. frequently seen in the company of questionable characters, men believed to have contact with the underworld. Ben- nett, leading a dual life, in so far as his business was concerned, is found to have advanced money to supply the means of carrying on certain illicit transactions.

This opens up a new field, affords a possible motive for the disappearance. We dismiss the previous picture built up of Bennett as a respected and influential investment banker. The question is: did Bennett arouse the enmity of any of these underworld characters with whom he was said to be dealing, and if so, why?

We concentrate on this angle. A few days later we learn that the missing man had a serious quarrel with the representa- tive of a large bootleg ring.

Threats were made that if he did not comply with certain demands which had been made, and supply alarge sum of money for the purpose of extending the opera- tions of the ring, he would be '"'taken for aride.'' A hurried check-up is made upon amounts he had withdrawn from his banks of deposit during the few weeks prior to his disappearance, and it is found that no un- usual sums were withdrawn. Apparently, he did not ''come through." Nothing re- mains but for us to conclude that, since Bennett did not comply with the demands of the ring, they had carried out their threats. against his life.

On the morning of the tenth day after Bennett's disappearance it is brought to our attention that the Marine Division has reported the finding of a body floating in the Upper Bay, off the shore of Staten Island.

As soon as our man telephones us a de- scription of the dead man, we find that it tallies with the one we have of Bennett. A more careful check-up is made, and the mystery of the disappearance of Bennett has been solved. The body is swollen and distorted as a result of submersion, but the Bennett family dentist examines the dead man's teeth and recognizes his own bridgework, fillings, inlays.

Bennett has been murdered. The Med- ical Examiner has found that there was a gunshot wound in the left breast. The facts are reported by us to the Homicide Squad, and the work of the Missing Persons Bureau in connection with the case is ended.

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Tice LITERARY DIGEST NOVEMBER: 19, 4932 A Palpitating World Welcomes New Bridge Rules for Confiding Contract Fans

HE first successful international con- argue that the new scoring is "overly

ference since the war! complicated,"' declares the Brooklyn Times- What did it accomplish? Union; ''in reality, the revised scoring is Nothing less than the revision of the simpler than the old method. " Indeed, rules of contract bridge. ''ten minutes' study is all that is nocd to

Right here, comments the Baltimore master the new rules."

Dp E} L A B ss ee n T E Sun, is one of the most favorable omens of Well, maybe the new rules are beter,

ss Weighed in the Scales"' the year. Bridge is ''one of the toughest and maybe they are not. One thing, at

A deliberate decision is one based upon a weighing of the facts and arguments involved --and that is the literal meaning of the word ' deliberate. It is derived from Latin deliberatus, The New Scoring Table for Contract Bridge formed from the verb deliberare which is a ; ;

combination of de, a prefix denoting "down," (As presented in the New York Times) and hence "completely," and Jlibrare "to

5 Nf bled weigh." Librare comes from libra "a balance Opp TrRIcKs BID AND WON: Undoubled pees Redou or pair of-scales," Clubs or Diamonds, each Every day you use hundreds of words whose ori- Hearts or Spades, each 60 gins are as interesting and surprising as this. You No Trumps:

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thousands of NEW WORDS, 12,000 biographical en- tries, 32,000 Boopraphical subjects, 100 valuable <3 tables, over 6,000 illustrations. Its 1 750 encyclopedic information makes it a general question- answerer on all subjects. See It at Your Bookstore. : { Remember: A Merriam- Russsr, two-game + HoNoRS IN ONE HAND: 'Webster appears "on the Three- -game ' All honors cover of every dictionary : . ' for which G, & C. Mer- Unfinished, one eamny . Four trump honors riam Company is editori- . I ally responsible. Send for Free Book- ; 1 Not Vulner. Not Vulner. let of Word Stories. | Doubled. Redoubled An unusually interesting Not Vulner. Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable illustrated booklet sent UNDERTRICKS: Undoubled. Undoubled. Doubled. | Redoubled. free on request. f 5 \ 3 __MAIL THE COUPON _ First undertrick 50 100 TG. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. 1 Increase each successive undertrick 0 50 ] Paste ate send me your free pools! Scat heg mir | For example, 2d undertrick 50 150 of English Words'' and full information abou ebster's G K ] New International Dictionary. (Lit. Dig.11-19-32) | 3d undertrick She Bey 50 200 Name 4th undertrick...... 50 250 ] ae and Number. | ie State. | aki 1952 by G. & C. Merriam Company

bones of contention over which human any rate, is certain, contends the Camden

ij, S. GOVERNMENT JOBS beings have ever growled and fought." Courier-Post, ''they will be a boon to one

$1260 to $3400 year And ''if the bridge experts of the great class of people--the bridge experts'':

MEN--WOMEN 18 to 50. _Com- ; Man Education usnalty sufficient, | Powers have been able to get together, it

Short hours. Write immediately Changing the rules means that each of

for free 32-page boox, with list ot | May even be possible for the disarmament future positions and full particulars those experts now has a swell reason to

telling how to get them. experts and the debt experts to settle some write another book--and up-to-the-minute FRANKLIN INSTITUTE _| little problems." bridge fans, no doubt, will buy 'em all. Dept. E224 Rochester, N. Y. It means that the bridge teachers will

Au over the land editors drop politics to have a lot more to teach their pupils, and join in a lively discussion of the new con- thus have a grand excuse to prolong the

5 : ; course of twenty lessons to forty lessons-- tract bridge rules which were published on by which time there may be some more new

October 31, and went into effect November rules to keep the pot boiling. 1. Here is the Cleveland Plain Dealer, These rules mean, further, that new for instance, declaring it to be at least Score-cards by the skillion will have to be

questionable whether the new rules are printed? ; ,

; There will be new lectures, new material any ery over the faulty ones fo, the syndicated bridge articles in the previously in effect-- newspapers and magazines, not to mention the radio talks on contract.

In all, it's a great help toward restoring prosperity. Bridge experts must live.

No effort is made to eliminate the ""box-ear"' figures which make a contract score look childish, while the top-heavy bonuses are not to be decreased. And the

scoring is to be complicated instead of It strikes such a ''casual observer' of % simplified. contract bridge as the writer of an un- é But the Ohio paper would seem to be in signed column in the Philadelphia Builetin

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the minority. We find the New York that the government of the bridge world Times, the Philadelphia Record, the At- 18 pretty loosely organized. Not that it lanta Constitution all agreeing with the lacks system-- '

Price 25c. Sample free. bridge experts that the new rules improve

ARC E EON EL SE Nees e ; There is plenty of system, both in the bh Soe the game. Let no contract bridge fan bidding and playing. The formula of

NOVEMBER 19, 1932

bidding is now so complete that when you say "One spade" your partner knows that you hold five hearts to the king-jack, four small clubs and a ten-ace in diamonds, but you are wondering where the honors in spades are located.

And when he comes back with '"'One no trump," he means that he has just espied the king, queen and ten of clubs in the hand of East, but has not yet located any of the high spades.

Whereupon you bid two diamonds, sug- gesting that he try to get a peek at West's holdings.

_ If he retorts with three clubs, you sense

the fact that in his opinion the game should be tried for in the heart suit, to which you reply with three no trump, meaning: 'Have you enough hearts to justify a bid for a slam?''

If he has, he will make a psychie bid of six diamonds to make opponents think you are strong in clubs, and you will thereupon bid six or seven hearts and go down for four tricks doubled.

All of which adds zest to the old form of bridge in which skill was blended with some degree of guesswork.

itae organization all right, but the Philadelphia writer thinks the business of contract needs something like representa- tive government:

What kind of arrangement is this by which a few men in a few clubs get together and decide to alter the system of scoring, and to inflict higher or lower penalties for certain misdeeds?

Contract needs a Congress elected by vote of the people who play, and a President to approve or veto the laws a Congress makes. Furthermore, changes in the laws should be the result, not of secret confer- ences in dark corners, but of open debate. Under this system of lawmaking, a man might overbid by four tricks on a Tuesday, knowing himself to be subject to only a mild penalty for failure, and on the follow- ing Friday, doing the same thing, he might find himself (if he had failed to read the newspapers in the meantime, to keep track of the latest ukases of the Czars) condemned to be shot at sunrise, or sent to Devil's Island, or obliged to read a joint debate between Tom Heflin and Huey Long.

EArt reading this it is not so surprizing to run across a United Press dispatch from Cleveland announcing a revolt against the new rule by the Cleveland Bridge Club, whose president charges that they were drafted ''for gambling purposes by an organization primarily interested in the gambling feature of the game."

We pass over a lot of the irreverent jocosity by newspaper writers who fail to take the new bridge rules with becoming seriousness. The rules, made public by John Godfrey Saxe, Chairman of Com- mittee on Laws of the Whist Club of New York, make a number of changes in connec- tion with the regulations dealing with penalties for revokes and misplays and, on the advice of Mr. Harold S. Vanderbilt, the grand old man of contract bridge, make five major changes in scoring as follows:

1. No-trump values have been reduced to 30 for the first, third, fifth and seventh

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odd tricks, and' increased to 40 for the second, fourth and sixth odd tricks.

2. The premium for fulfilled doubled contracts has been omitted.

3. The premium for undoubled over- tricks has been reduced to the equivalent odd-trick value.

4. The doubled not vulnerable under- trick penalties have been increased some- what, and certain of the vulnerable penal- ties decreased somewhat to obtain a perfect balance between them, and to secure a unl- form increase in the penalty for each additional undertrick lost.

5. The premiums for grand slams have

'been increased to 1,500 not vulnerable, 2,250 vulnerable.

Tus change in the no-trump scoring, so the New York Times explains, ''was made largely in concession to duplicate play to. reduce the value of a game in no-trump to that of a minor suit'':

"In match-point play, the 105 scored for, three no-trump was a. disproportionate advantage over the 100 scored for a minor- suit game, since the 5 points were often responsible for ''top'' scores on a hand. Three no-trump is still a game contract, but counts only 100 points.

Mr. Ely Culbertson considers the new rules ''a decided improvement over any previous code," but he feels ''sorry. for the hundreds of thousands of women who, with the old scoring, got along pretty well with the count on ten fingers, and who now, with the new scoring, will have to take off their shoes to count on their toes as well."

And a woman bridge instructor, Mrs. Madeleine Kerwin, remarks that she, too, is sorry for women players, but for another reason. She says, in the New York Eve- ning Post, that the new grand slam premi- ums are unfair to her sex:

Women are naturally timid and seldom bid

grand slams. Only the man will gain by this new scoring.

A Dead Tiger Is a Good Friend

The extent of the man-eating tiger menace in India and Malaya is once again illustrated by the issue of a report showing that 85 persons were killed by tigers in Johore during 1931. The only consolation available to those who live in the shadow of this terror is that a very respectable fortune, by local standards, accrues to natives who are fortunate enough with spear or cheap Belgian shotgun to slay a tiger.

They receive, first of all, the government reward, varying from £10 to £25. The Chinese buy the meat, which they consider a great delicacy. The fat can be sold to Indians as a cure for rheumatism. The clavicles and the claws fetch a fair price as ornaments. The liver is prized by warriors for a stimulant to courage. And if the man-eater is a tigress, her milk is bottled as a cure for blindness.

Finally, the lucky hunter sells the skin to a home-going European, and the sum total of his profits sets him up for life.-- London (England) Standard.

Cutting Off the Frills.--Sur--''I don't think much of men's love. They all want to marry women with money.'

Hr--You are unjust. They would be satisfied with money without the woman." --Answers.

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NOVWE MBE Re o1h94 91.932 The White Man's Crime

O, the poor Australian aboriginal! Like our own American Indian, he is fast fading away before the march of civilization.

And when he does not fade quite fast:

enough, there are many willing hands to give him a shove into oblivion.

As a result, from a total of 1,000,000 a century and a half ago, his numbers have been reduced to about 100,000 to-day.

This we learn from the Rev. C. E. C. Lefroy, formerly Archdeacon of Perth, Western Australia, who makes ''a plea

'for the remnant"' in the Manchester Guar-

dian Weekly. "What can account for such rapid dimi- nution?"' he asks, and then explains:

Recent events, as well as the records of every past period in the history of white settlement, leave little doubt as to the cause.

The advance of the white man has simply swept the aborigines away. It is true that these children of nature themselves seem to wilt and wither away at the mere ap- proach of the European. But there has also been a vast amount of deliberate cruelty.

The natives of Tasmania are said to have "become"' extinct. But the fact is that in 1830 martial law was proclaimed, and a force of 3,000 or 4,000 troops and civilians of all classes were engaged for six weeks in hunting. them down and driving them into a narrow peninsula. Eventually the rem- nant were transported to Flinders Island.

One of their jailers there has recorded his opinion that many of the miserable ereatures ''died in the sulks like so many bears."' In reality, they were broken- hearted.

In 1838, Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, issued a proclamation to the effect that the indiscriminate slaughter of natives must cease. On the other hand, a certain Governor of Queensland, at a much later date, is said to have advised a

_ settler that if natives were shot, there was no need to report the fact.

A WELL-KNOWN traveler, De Beauvoir, who visited Queensland about sixty years ago, ''met a young man, only twenty-four years of age, who boasted of the possession of two rifles with sixty-five notches on the stocks, each notch representing a native whom he had shot.'' And then we are re- minded of--

The acknowledged shooting, in Central Australia in 1928, of thirty-one wild natives (including some women) by a police party in revenge for the death of a white man. The excuse made by the police-for some of this slaughter was that these wild natives 'tried to escape'' when called upon to stand in the King's name!

Dr. Gilruth, formerly Chief Protector of Aborigines under the Federal Government, has exprest his opinion that ''in respect of the treatment of the aborigines, the British occupation of Australia presents the worst chapter in the European domination of the world."

It is not too late for the governments and people of Australia to save the remnant... .

In the name of reason, humanity, and pity let this waste of human life and good- ness be ended now, and a new day brought in for the remnant of them left.

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NOVIEMBERIZES. Sivas

INVESTMENTS AND FINANCE

Bonds Still "Comparatively Safe"

EF course, many foreign loans made since the World War have turned out to be unwise.

But a great deal of unnecessary fuss is being made about the ''foolish," ''false,"' ''unsound," 'destructive' policy of in- vesting abroad, thinks The Wall Street Journal... As it reflects on some of the figures on bond defaults given out by the Investment. Bankers Association it con- eludes. that many of these epithets also fit "Ioans made in the same period within our own borders."

During the period of recovery from the'

slump of 1920-21, some of our surplus cap- ital naturally overflowed into other coun- Certain investments abroad went But--

tries. bad, as did many at home.

If one gives a thought to the economie, financial and political convulsions through which all the world has been passing these past three years, the not wholly disinter- ested outcry against American lending abroad automatically shrinks to about its correct proportions.

Even more emphatic was the statement made at the recent meeting of the Invest- ment Bankers Association by Col. Allan M. Pope, retiring head of the organization. He went still further, to suggest that these foreign lendings were actually a good thing in checking inflation at home. In Colonel Pope's words, as the New York Tumes reprints them:

I am definitely of the opinion that if this flow of excess funds had not gone abroad, from whence millions of it were at once returned through increased trade and other repayments, the internal overexpan- sion in practically all lines of endeavor in this country would have been so increased above what it actually was, security prices would have been so raised above the point to which they actually rose, the conditions in Europe would have been so disastrously affected to our own economic detriment that our present condition, bad as it has been, out of gear as it seems, would have been far worse to-day but for that world- wide distribution of the dollar at that time.

Tuen taking up the safety of bonds in general, Colonel Pope added that while to-day the record of defaults is the greatest in our history, nevertheless, in view of what we have been through, it emphasizes "the comparative safety in bonds and the care which must have been exercised by bankers." This situation existed, he continued--

In spite of the world-wide depression.

In spite of the total collapse or revalua- tion in the values of international cur- rencies that have taken place within the last ten years.

In spite of the departure from the gold standard by the majority of countries.

In spite of numbers of political revolu- tions.

' In spite of the headlong plunge of raw material values.

In spite of the stagnation in trade here and throughout the world.

In spite of the tremendous decrease in farm values and urban real-estate values.

In spite of the drastic reduction in earn- ing power of our major industries, our railroads, and to a lesser degree our public utilities.

Wax Colonel. Pope listed the actual defaults, in percentages, of foreign and domestic bonds:

Of $7,500,000,000 of foreign dollar bonds outstanding, 19.4 per cent. ae in default.

Of $10,584,000,000 of industrial bonds outstanding, 7.2 per cent.

Of $16,590,000,000 of public-utility bonds outstanding, 5.4 per cent.

Of $12,021,000,000 of railroad bonds outstanding, 3.5 per cent.

Of $18,185,000,000 of municipal bonds outstanding, 1.8 per cent. These are of communities having a population of over 30,000. No records are available for com- munities of lesser population.

There are approximately $6,000,000,000 of real-estate bonds outstanding. No figures are available for issues below $500,- 000 in default of the outstanding total. About 14 per cent. of the total, represent- ing issues in excess of $500,000, are in default. This percentage might be con- siderably increased by the defaults in small issues of bonds.

There undoubtedly have been reorgan- izations not technically reported as de- faults which would make the percentage of defaults of large issues greater than recorded herewith.

A New Aristocracy Born of the Depression

REVOLUTION, both social and

financial, is going on right under our noses, writes William Feather in his column on the financial page of the New York Evening Post.

His point is that this depression is eliminating a number of the _ settled wealthy families and reducing their younger generations to a level with other young people who have their own way to make in the world.

Thus we have what amounts to the creation of a new aristocracy of wealth. As Mr. Feather explains:

In this depression the heads of the majority of families have been set back twenty years in savings and in income. Many of these men have sons and daugh- ters, ranging in age from twenty to forty years, who had expectations of allowances, gifts and bequests.

Now the future of these young men and women is totally dependent on their own efforts.

Intrenched wealth has largely disap- peared.

Month by month the percentage of busted estates increases in each commu- nity. The creation of new wealth will be the

NOVEMBER 19, 1932

job of the generation that was just be- ginning to take hold when the crash came.

The years that lie ahead will be a young man's era in a vital sense.

All classes of people have been scrambled in a way that never occurred before in the lifetime of most people living now. Former débutantes whose photographs were sought by society editors are now selling millinery and _ step-ins. They are likely to find eligible husbands in unexpected places.

The revolution is going on right under our noses.

A Man's Cash Reserve

OW much does an individual need as a reserve fund in eash or its equivalent?"

That is a pretty important question. But, of course, remarks Mr. George T. Hughes in one of his Consolidated Press dispatches on investment problems, no exact answer can be given that will apply to everybody, for naturally the needs of different individuals vary with their differ- ing circumstances.

Still, there are certain general principles Mr. Hughes thinks investors, particularly small investors, ought to keep in mind:

ee

The president of one of the large Eastern savings-banks advises his depositors that they ought to have what amounts to half a year's wages or salary set aside before they look for any other way of using any surplus.

That rule was s laid down when individuals

as well as banks were obsessed with the

mania for hoarding.

Now if a wage-earner has no other sav- ings than those represented by his pass- book in the savings-bank the 50 per cent. of a year's income may not be too large. If he has funds sufficient to acquire other investments 25 per cent. or even less may be enough.

What every one ought to have is a fund of one kind or another that can be realized upon at short notice, for emergencies come without warning. The savings-bank is designed to meet that need and should be used for that purpose. It is unnecessary to keep a larger amount than probably will be required on short notice there, altho there is no objection to the larger amount on the ground of safety.

The point is that with security prices as low as they are to-day, the small capi- talist as well as his larger brother may profitably put some of his funds into the _ most conservative of these investments. He may properly consider real estate, or even improvements on his home, that will add to its value, supposing the home to be already owned.

Prices for commodities like those for stocks and bonds are the lowest for a gen- eration. Some of them recently were the lowest for all time.

It is a condition not likely to be repeated in the lifetime of most of those reading these articles. It ought to be taken ad- vantage of, but never to the extent that what the bankers like to call '"'liquid" resources are exhausted.

Without a reserve there is no peace of mind, and without:that the day's work is not done to the best of any individual's ability. Make up your mind just how much of a reserve you ought to have, and accumulate that before you consider other ways of investing.

THEN LITERA.R YRBIGES T

WEST INDIES PROGRAM

tristocral of Wade Ships.

37

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ITALIAN LINE

38 THE LITERARY DIGEST NOVEMBER 19, 1932

"The dead take

to their graves, in their

clutched fingers, only that

which they have given away"

'Ts is your chance to do more good with the

money you give to others than was perhaps ever before possible in the history of this country.

First, because the need is greater than ever before. Second, because more of every dollar you give will go to provide your fellow human beings with food, shelter, medical help--the bare necessities of living.

The Welfare and Relief Mobilization for 1932 is a cooperative national program to reenforce local fund-raising for human, welfare and relief needs. No national fund is being raised. Each community is making provision for its own people. Each community will have full control of the money it obtains.

Read again the great words attributed to Rousseau which are printed at the top of this page. Then give through your established wel- je

fare and relief organization, through your com-~ 14-1191 ts FE RZK 44

munity chest, or through your local emergency NEWTON D. BAKER, CHAIRMAN relief committee. NATIONAL CITIZENS' COMMITTEE

WELFARE AND RELIEF MOBILIZATION, 1932

a,

a

PONE MDE Re W5Ov 1) 93.2

THE LEXiCOGRAPHER'S EASY CHAIR

(TITLE REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE)

--

To decide questions concerning the correct use of words for this column, the Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary is consulted as arbiter.

Readers who require immediate attention will re- ceive it if they enclose a stamped return envelop. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications.

allocable.--'F. G. G.,'' Washington, D. C.-- This word is from the Latin allocare, 'to place," formed by dropping the -are and adding to the parent word -abilis, English -able, signifying

capable of.'' And so, allocable means "capable of being located or placed.'' The word is not in common use, but is correctly formed and may be used as a substitute for the longer word allo- catable, derived from the same Latin source-- allocatus, past participle of allocare, 'to allot."'

Allocate is itself a doublet of allow, in its sense "'to assign (to), or grant, asa portion or allowance."

call money.--'"J. V. H.,'' Andalusia, Ala.-- Call money is defined as: '' Money loaned, usually on ous as security, payable on demand of the ender.

contact, to.--''R. D. E.,"' Indianapolis, Ind.-- The verb to contact has been in use in the language for more than a century. Tho chiefly used in- transitively, it was also formerly used transi- tively, and in the identical manner in which it has recently been revived. According to that usage, the sentence, ''Curtis described the boat and the men he contacted,"' is justified. It is too soon to determine whether the present revival will last; but if so, it will be restored to the

- dictionaries.

effeminate.-- FE. R. W.,'' Nashville, Tenn.-- In the 16th century, the word effeminate was used very rarely as a synonym for feminine. This usage had no authorization, and did not sur- vive. It is now always employed to denote a womanly attribute of man, ora womanish charac- teristic in man. To employ it in connection with anything appertaining to a woman is erroneous.

gazebo, gazabo.-- H. M.S.,"' Plainfield, N. J. --The architectural term gazcbo (not gazabo), pro- nounced ga-zee'bo, has been in the language for about two hundred years. It is defined as follows: "1. A summer-house commanding an extended view; a belvedere. 2. (Irish) Anything notably tall, as a building; a tall man. 3. A turret on the roof of a house. 4. A projecting window or balcony."'

In addition, we have adopted as a slang word, borrowed from the Spanish gazapo, the word gazabo, pronounced ga-zay'bo. The Spanish word means: "1. A young rabbit. 2. A dissembling artful knave. 3. A great lie." In American slang, gazabo is not ordinarily used quite so

-invidiously; in fact, as generally used, it is quite

synonymous with guy, and may or may not be a term of opprobrium.

Kodiak, Kadiak.--'G. H. S.,'' San Diego, Calif.--It is possible that the confusion in spelling arose from the pronunciation kod-yak'--o as in not being mistaken for the sound of a as in father. Be that as it may, the earliest map of the region, by Bruce in 1885, shows the name Kadiak. The official United States Postal Guide gives the name of the town as Kodiak.

qui vive.--''C. R. C.,'' Far Hills, N. J.--This expression (pronounced kee veev) is French. Liter- ally, it means '' who lives.'' It is used in the French Army as the challenge of a sentinel, equivalent to the English, ''Who goes there?'' '"'To be on the qui vive,' means ''to be on the alert; to be wide awake, active, eager, or expectant."

receive.--'''R. S.,'' New York City.--In the word receive the syllable re- is a prefix to the stem -ceive. The word as a whole comes to us through the French from the Latin recipio, which in turn is derived from the prefix re-, meaning ''back," and the stem capio, meaning ''take."'

reticent.--''D. C. G.,'', Connellsville, Pa.-- The correct pronunciation is ret'i-sent--e's as in get, and the i as in habit.

rodeo.--''J. O.,'' Mt. Vernon, N.- Y.--Altho the Spanish pronunciation ro-de'o--e as in prey-- is still preferred on the Western plains, the pro- nunciation ro'di-o is now also heard, possibly because later arrivals have assumed that the word is some peculiar derivative of rode.

sane, safe.--''M. M.,"' Long Island City, N. Y. 'Sane, in present usage, is rarely used except in reference to mental condition: but in that usage it always denotes soundness. The former use, in the sense of physical soundness, is now archaic. Safe does not necessarily imply soundness; it merely connotes freedom from danger or escape from injury. Of the two words, sanest is nearer in meaning to most sound, except for the fact that it no longer carries the sense of physical soundness.

Tschandal.--''J. M. R.,'' Auburn, Ala.-- The term Tschandal is applied to a low-caste Hindu, or, in a modern sense, to a defiling pro- fession, such as grave-digging. As employed by Nietzsche in a figurative sense, the Tschandala denote a people of ignoble, servile disposition.

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THE SPICE OF LIFE

Oh, You Cherub!--Jud Tunkins says what makes him .admire a mother's love and marvel at it is a photograph of himself taken at the age of eleven or twelve.-- Washington Star.

Special Delivery. --''I distinctly saw the postman kiss you. What do you mean by it?" :

"Well, ma'am, somebody sent me a kiss.

through the post." --Tit-Bits.

Broiled Chicken.--C.° B. '"'When Shelley wrote'the line: 'A lovely Jady garmented in light,' do you suppose he was gazing at some beaut get- ting a suntan on one of the English beaches? ''-- Boston Transcript.

Keeping Tabs on ''The Bugle.''--A hick town is one where the folks know all the news before the paper comes. out, but merely take it to see whether or not the editor got the stories according to the way they heard them.--Trenton (Mo.) Re- publican-Times.

Kalsomine for Cuties. --'You say this fellow Perkins is far-sighted? "'

"You bet he is! He was dealing in-house paint, but he could see that busi- ness was going to get it in the neck, so he switched off to the face paint line, and he hasn't even known there was a depression around." -- Cincinnats Enquirer.

Pass the Insect Powder.-- On him we'd like to use the knout, That ''funny'' Cuthbert Cole Who says ''The soap, please,' when about To use his fingerbowl. --Boston Transcript.

Broadcast Okay. -- You kissed and told But that's all right-- The man you told Called up last night. --Sagehen.

Use an Eraser.--For the third time she

said to her little son, "'Run quickly and wash your hands for dinner."

He looked over his hands and then re- turned the verdict:

"Mother, they aren't really dirty--just kinda blurred.'"'-- Montreal Star.

Short. Circuit.--An electrician returned home from work one night to find his small son waiting for him with his right hand swathed in a bandage.

"Hello, sonny!" he exclaimed. ''Cut your hand?"

"No, Dad," was the reply. ''I picked up a pretty little fly and one end wasn't insulated,"'--Answers.

40

inquires--

Sailor: 'I couldn't say, lady."

(TITLE REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE)

Dad's Nightmare.--'' But how can I be sure that you love me?"'

"Well, I can scarcely sleep at night, thinkin? of you."

"That. doesn't prove anything. Papa can hardly sleep, thinking of you!"--

_ Christian Science Monitor.

. Rocky. Outlook.--''The thing for you to do," said the doctor to the man with the frazzled nerves, '"'is to stop thinking about yourself--to bury yourself in your

_-work."'

"Gosh!'' returned the patient, "'and me -a concrete mixer."--Border Cities Star.

Lady: 'Excuse me--do those tattoo marks wash off?"

The Moral of the Tale.--THACHER (warning her pupils against catching cold) --''T had a little brother seven years old, and one day he took his new sled out in the snow. He caught pneumonia, and three days later he died."

Silence for ten seconds.

VorcE FROM THE REAR--' Where's his sled?"'--Annapolis Log.

Spoiled Child of Fame.--A struggling author had called on a publisher to inquire about a manuscript he had submitted.

"This is quite well written,'' admitted the publisher, '"'but my firm only pub- lishes work by writers with well-known names."'

"Splendid!'' shouted the ealler in great excitement. ''My name's Smith!'--Tit- Bits.

Not a Bad Title at That.--I have spoken of Mrs. Wilcox's dislike of rejec- tions; but once there was an unfortunate happening coneerning one of her accepted poems which gave her more anguish than anything. She had opened a certain set of verses with one of her most cosmic lines, typical of her style:

'""My soul is a lighthouse keeper,"

but the printer, in setting it up, caused it to read,

'""My soul is a light housekeeper." Mrs. Wilcox never forgave that lino- typer; and her followers must have thought

that their beloved leader had gone out of her mind.--New York American.

--'''The Humorist''

Slips That Pass in the Night

Might Sway the Skirt Vote.--''The protective tariff,' he said, ''made possible all the pants in this valley."'--Kansas City Journal-Post.

Prezackly!--Coach Metts, however, is working the eleven overtime in prespiration

for the annual tilt with Maury.--Newport

News Times-Herald.

Jes' Blow Dem Clouds Away.--Just before crossing the Mississippi River President Hoover spoke at length of Federal air for the people along that great body of water.-- Minneapolis Journal.

Uncle Sam's Small Change.--Q.--How much ~ money has the Reconstruc- tion Finance Corporation advanced to farmers?-- Bove

A.--An aggregate of $65,000 in small loans has been distributed among 500,000 farmers to date. -- Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail.

All Around Knockout. --Phillip D , 42, was sentenced to thirty days in jail when he pleaded guilty to-day to running a speak-easy where liquor was sold at five cents a glass.

Policemen testified that the liquor was called ''white mule.'"' There were seven men in D *s place when it was raided. All were unconscious. The furnishings con- sisted of one chair, one table, one baseball bat.--New York News Service Dispatch.

(London) ,

A Shining Censor.--

DO YOU CLAIM TO BE NON-PARTISAN IN THE PRESENT PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN IF YOU DO ALL MY RESPECT FOR YOUR VERASITY HAS VARNISHED

--Telegram from a subscriber, as delivered to the editor of Tur Diaxst.

Everybody Pleased.--

CHURCH OBTAINS NATIONAL EYE THROUGH "SLIP"

This was clipt from the Character Builder Bible Class weekly paper this week, edited by Joe R. Hyde:

""PROPOUNDING A POSER

"At the morning service Dr. Holeomb will discuss 'If the Depression Is Disap- pearing--What Lessons Are We Learn- ing?' Mrs. W. L. Walker will sing 'Search Me, O God.'--Memphis Evening Appeal."

"The above was carried in Tur Liter- ARY Diarsr issue of October 1 in the 'Slips that Pass in the Night' column. First time our church has reeeived national publicity through Tur Diaesrs--Mem- phis Evening Appeal.

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